Pela abordagem da história cultural, analisamos visões e políticas em torno dos costumes indígenas com psicoativos (bebidas alcoólicas, estimulantes e alucinógenos), por meio da leitura de tratados produzidos entre meados do século XVI e XVII no mundo hispanoamericano. São histórias sobre os antigos mexicanos e peruanos, bem como sobre seus descendentes, nos vice-reinos da Nova Espanha e Peru. Os costumes com substâncias foram retidos como elementos essenciais da idolatria (a falsa religião dos índios); além de usadas em cerimônias e feitiçarias, algumas plantas e poções seriam inclusive adoradas como divindades. Dividimos os capítulos por contextos e grupos de obras/autores: (i) para o contexto geral de consolidação do império espanhol na América, analisamos o dominicano Bartolomé de las Casas e o jesuíta José de Acosta; (ii) para os tempos dos missionários mendicantes na Nova Espanha do séc. XVI, o franciscano Bernardino de Sahagún e o dominicano Diego Durán; (iii) para a época de auge da extirpação da idolatria no séc. XVII, os curas Hernando Ruiz de Alarcón e Jacinto de la Serna na Nova Espanha, e o jesuíta Pablo Joseph de Arriaga no Peru; (iv) analisamos o cronista indígena peruano Felipe Guaman Poma de Ayala na virada dos sécs. XVI-XVII. Outras fontes foram utilizadas, destacando-se os tratados sobre as medicinas dos índios escritos pelos doutores espanhóis Nicolas Monardes, Francisco Hernández e Juan de Cárdenas, assim como de um médico indígena mexicano, Martín de la Cruz. Os principais assuntos discutidos: os juízos de proveito das medicinas que embriagam; os sentidos do vício por meio das substâncias, entre hábito contranatural e veículo para os pecados; a noção de perda do juízo como efeito natural da embriaguez, mas que abre espaço para a intervenção demoníaca; representações dos usos nos sacrifícios, comunhões, feitiçarias, e a idolatria de plantas e poções. Esses assuntos são analisados tendo em vista que a idolatria não informa apenas o estereótipo e o caminho da interdição dos costumes, pois, de outro lado, nomeia os saberes e poderes locais e sua vitalidade, num ambiente de choques, negociações e acomodações político-culturais. / From a cultural history point of view, we analyze perceptions and policies over indigenous relation to psycho-actives (alcoholic beverages, stimulants and hallucinogens), based on treatises written from the middle of the 16th century to the middle of the 17th century at the Spanish-American world. They are histories about the anciant Mexicans and Peruvians, as well as about their descendents from the vice royalties of New Spain and Peru. In such works, the habits related to psycho-actives were believed to be essential elements of the idolatry (the indigenous false religion); besides being used in ceremonies and sorcery, some plants and potions were also worshipped as divinities. We organize the chapters according to the contexts and groups of document sources/authors: (i) for the general context of the Spanish empire consolidation in America, we analyze the Dominican Bartolomé de las Casas and the Jesuit Joseph de Acosta; (ii) for the New Spain mendicant missionaries times in the 16th century, the Franciscan Bernardino de Sahagún and the Dominican Diego Durán; (iii) from the extirpation of idolatry strongest period in the 17th century, the vicars Hernando Ruiz de Alarcón and Jacinto de la Serna; and (iv) from the turning of the 16th to the 17th century, the Peruvian Indian chronicler Felipe Guaman Poma de Ayala. Other document sources were also consulted, in particular treatises covering indigenous medicines, like those written by the Spanish physicians Nicolas Monardes, Francisco Hernández and Juan de Cárdenas, and also by an Indian doctor from Mexico, Martín de la Cruz. The main subjects we discuss in the work are: the views of benefits from the medicines that inebriate; the meanings of vice associated to substances, from a non-natural habit to a passport for sins; the notion of going out of mind as a natural consequence of inebriation, but which opens the possibility of demonic intrusion; usage representations in sacrifices, communions, witchcraft, and the idolatry of plants and potions. All those issues are analyzed bearing in mind that idolatry tell us not only about the stereotype and the pathways of habits forbiddance, but also distinguishes the local knowledge and powers, and its vitality, all taking place in an environment of political and cultural clashes, negotiations and accommodations.

Pela abordagem da história cultural, analisamos visões e políticas em torno dos costumes indígenas com psicoativos (bebidas alcoólicas, estimulantes e alucinógenos), por meio da leitura de tratados produzidos entre meados do século XVI e XVII no mundo hispanoamericano. São histórias sobre os antigos mexicanos e peruanos, bem como sobre seus descendentes, nos vice-reinos da Nova Espanha e Peru. Os costumes com substâncias foram retidos como elementos essenciais da idolatria (a falsa religião dos índios); além de usadas em cerimônias e feitiçarias, algumas plantas e poções seriam inclusive adoradas como divindades. Dividimos os capítulos por contextos e grupos de obras/autores: (i) para o contexto geral de consolidação do império espanhol na América, analisamos o dominicano Bartolomé de las Casas e o jesuíta José de Acosta; (ii) para os tempos dos missionários mendicantes na Nova Espanha do séc. XVI, o franciscano Bernardino de Sahagún e o dominicano Diego Durán; (iii) para a época de auge da extirpação da idolatria no séc. XVII, os curas Hernando Ruiz de Alarcón e Jacinto de la Serna na Nova Espanha, e o jesuíta Pablo Joseph de Arriaga no Peru; (iv) analisamos o cronista indígena peruano Felipe Guaman Poma de Ayala na virada dos sécs. XVI-XVII. Outras fontes foram utilizadas, destacando-se os tratados sobre as medicinas dos índios escritos pelos doutores espanhóis Nicolas Monardes, Francisco Hernández e Juan de Cárdenas, assim como de um médico indígena mexicano, Martín de la Cruz. Os principais assuntos discutidos: os juízos de proveito das medicinas que embriagam; os sentidos do vício por meio das substâncias, entre hábito contranatural e veículo para os pecados; a noção de perda do juízo como efeito natural da embriaguez, mas que abre espaço para a intervenção demoníaca; representações dos usos nos sacrifícios, comunhões, feitiçarias, e a idolatria de plantas e poções. Esses assuntos são analisados tendo em vista que a idolatria não informa apenas o estereótipo e o caminho da interdição dos costumes, pois, de outro lado, nomeia os saberes e poderes locais e sua vitalidade, num ambiente de choques, negociações e acomodações político-culturais. / From a cultural history point of view, we analyze perceptions and policies over indigenous relation to psycho-actives (alcoholic beverages, stimulants and hallucinogens), based on treatises written from the middle of the 16th century to the middle of the 17th century at the Spanish-American world. They are histories about the anciant Mexicans and Peruvians, as well as about their descendents from the vice royalties of New Spain and Peru. In such works, the habits related to psycho-actives were believed to be essential elements of the idolatry (the indigenous false religion); besides being used in ceremonies and sorcery, some plants and potions were also worshipped as divinities. We organize the chapters according to the contexts and groups of document sources/authors: (i) for the general context of the Spanish empire consolidation in America, we analyze the Dominican Bartolomé de las Casas and the Jesuit Joseph de Acosta; (ii) for the New Spain mendicant missionaries times in the 16th century, the Franciscan Bernardino de Sahagún and the Dominican Diego Durán; (iii) from the extirpation of idolatry strongest period in the 17th century, the vicars Hernando Ruiz de Alarcón and Jacinto de la Serna; and (iv) from the turning of the 16th to the 17th century, the Peruvian Indian chronicler Felipe Guaman Poma de Ayala. Other document sources were also consulted, in particular treatises covering indigenous medicines, like those written by the Spanish physicians Nicolas Monardes, Francisco Hernández and Juan de Cárdenas, and also by an Indian doctor from Mexico, Martín de la Cruz. The main subjects we discuss in the work are: the views of benefits from the medicines that inebriate; the meanings of vice associated to substances, from a non-natural habit to a passport for sins; the notion of going out of mind as a natural consequence of inebriation, but which opens the possibility of demonic intrusion; usage representations in sacrifices, communions, witchcraft, and the idolatry of plants and potions. All those issues are analyzed bearing in mind that idolatry tell us not only about the stereotype and the pathways of habits forbiddance, but also distinguishes the local knowledge and powers, and its vitality, all taking place in an environment of political and cultural clashes, negotiations and accommodations.

Le Trouble Déficit de l'Attention/Hyperactivité (TDA/H) et le Trouble des Conduites (TC) sont associés à des Conduites à Risque (CAR) comme les consommations de substances psycho-actives, les comportements suicidaires et les comportements sexuels à risque. Cependant, la question des rôles respectifs du TDA/H et du TC dans l'émergence des CAR reste controversée : le TDA/H est-il un facteur de risque indépendant de la survenue ultérieure de CAR? Le TC est-il un facteur de confusion ou un modificateur de l'effet de la relation entre TDA/H et CAR? L'objectif de cette thèse était d'examiner le lien entre les symptômes de l'hyperactivité-inattention dans l'enfance et l'adolescence et la survenue de CAR à l'adolescence et au jeune âge adulte, en prenant en compte différents facteurs de risque potentiels dont les symptômes du trouble des conduites. Nous avons mené cinq analyses à partir des données de la cohorte GAZEL enfants issue de la population générale française. Les résultats suggèrent des effets différents des symptômes de l'hyperactivité-inattention selon le type de conduite à risque considéré et selon le genre. Ils montrent chez les garçons un effet des symptômes de l'hyperactivité-inattention sur la survenue de CAR plus sévères comme la consommation régulière de cannabis, l'expérimentation de drogues illégales et la survenue de comportements suicidaires. Chez les filles, on retrouve un effet des symptômes de l'hyperactivité-inattention sur la consommation ultérieure régulière de tabac. L'initiation de CAR pourrait être aggravée par la présence de hauts niveaux de symptômes de l'hyperactivité-inattention chez les jeunes présentant simultanément des hauts niveaux de symptômes du trouble des conduites. Ce travail renforce la connaissance de l'existence d'une association entre troubles du comportement perturbateur dans l'enfance et survenue ultérieure de conduites à risque. Il souligne la nécessité de reconnaitre l'existence de ces troubles, pour les identifier et mieux les prendre en charge afin d'en prévenir les possibles conséquences à long terme. / Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Conduct Disorder (CD) are associated with Youth Risk Behaviors (YRB) such as substance-related problems, suicidal behaviors and sex risk behaviors. However, a main issue is the respective role of ADHD and CD regarding YRB : is ADHD an independent risk factor for YRB? Is CD a confounding factor or a moderator of the relationship between ADHD and YRB? The aim of this thesis was to assess the link between childhood hyperactivity-inattention symptoms and subsequent YRB, controlling for other risk factors among which conduct disorder symptoms. We have conducted five analyses from a French community-based sample belonging to the youth GAZEL cohort. Results suggest different effects of hyperactivity-inattention symptoms on YRB according to the the type of YRB and gender. In males, they show an effect of hyperactivity-inattention symptoms on more severe YRB such as regular cannabis use, illicit drug experimentation and suicidal behaviors. In females, they show an effect of hyperactivity-inattention symptoms on regular tobacco use. The risk of YRB initiation was increased in youths with high levels of conduct disorder symptoms, particularly in combination with simultaneously high levels of hyperactivity-inattention symptoms. This thesis enhances the knowledge of a link between disruptive behaviors in childhood and subsequent risk behaviors. It underscores the importance of a better acknowledgement of these disorders, in order to better identify and treat them to prevent negative long-term outcomes.