Recente exame da literatura sobre a contratransferência e seus desenvolvimentos revela sua utilidade clínica em diferentes culturas psicanalíticas. No entanto, sobre sua abordagem na supervisão, mostra escassez de publicações. O objetivo deste estudo foi examinar os conceitos de transferência e contratransferência e como a contratransferência é abordada na supervisão, na formação de candidatos, em um instituto de psicanálise de uma sociedade filiada a International Psychoanalytical Association (IPA). Realizou-se pesquisa qualitativa, entrevistando supervisores e supervisionandos. Através da análise de conteúdo, os dados foram transformados em categorias iniciais, intermediárias e finais. Os principais achados foram subdivididos em três categorias: os conceitos de transferência e contratransferência; a escuta psicanalítica e a complementaridade dos fenômenos e a abordagem da contratransferência. Os conceitos de transferência e de contratransferência predominantemente utilizados pelos entrevistados são baseados na visão totalística. A abordagem da contratransferência na supervisão vem sendo realizada de forma mais direta e objetiva quando comparada com período anterior, embora exista grande cuidado em delimitar os limites entre supervisão e análise pessoal. A finalidade principal é ampliar a compreensão e aprofundar as interpretações dirigidas ao paciente. Estes achados sugerem que a evolução do conceito de contratransferência em diferentes culturas psicanalíticas e os desenvolvimentos sobre campo analítico vêm contribuindo para esta mudança. / A recent examination of the literature on countertransference and its developments reveals its clinical usefulness in different psychoanalytic cultures. However, there are few publications regarding its approach in supervision. The aim of this study was to examine the concepts of transference and countertransference and how countertransference is approached in supervision, in candidate training, at a psychoanalytic institute belonging to a society affiliated to the International Psychoanalytical Association (IPA). A qualitative study was performed interviewing supervisors and supervisees. By analyzing the content, the data were transformed into initial, intermediate and final categories: the concepts of transference and countertransference; psychoanalytic listening and the complementariness of the phenomena and the approach to countertransference. The concepts of transference and countertransference predominantly used by the interviewees are based on the totalistic view. The approach to countertransference in supervision has been performed more directly and objectively when compared with a previous period, although great care is taken to delimit the boundaries between supervision and personal analysis. The main purpose is to broaden the understanding and deepen the patient-oriented interpretations. These findings suggest that the evolution of the concept of countertransference in different psychoanalytic cultures and developments in the analytic field have contributed to this change.

Recente exame da literatura sobre a contratransferência e seus desenvolvimentos revela sua utilidade clínica em diferentes culturas psicanalíticas. No entanto, sobre sua abordagem na supervisão, mostra escassez de publicações. O objetivo deste estudo foi examinar os conceitos de transferência e contratransferência e como a contratransferência é abordada na supervisão, na formação de candidatos, em um instituto de psicanálise de uma sociedade filiada a International Psychoanalytical Association (IPA). Realizou-se pesquisa qualitativa, entrevistando supervisores e supervisionandos. Através da análise de conteúdo, os dados foram transformados em categorias iniciais, intermediárias e finais. Os principais achados foram subdivididos em três categorias: os conceitos de transferência e contratransferência; a escuta psicanalítica e a complementaridade dos fenômenos e a abordagem da contratransferência. Os conceitos de transferência e de contratransferência predominantemente utilizados pelos entrevistados são baseados na visão totalística. A abordagem da contratransferência na supervisão vem sendo realizada de forma mais direta e objetiva quando comparada com período anterior, embora exista grande cuidado em delimitar os limites entre supervisão e análise pessoal. A finalidade principal é ampliar a compreensão e aprofundar as interpretações dirigidas ao paciente. Estes achados sugerem que a evolução do conceito de contratransferência em diferentes culturas psicanalíticas e os desenvolvimentos sobre campo analítico vêm contribuindo para esta mudança. / A recent examination of the literature on countertransference and its developments reveals its clinical usefulness in different psychoanalytic cultures. However, there are few publications regarding its approach in supervision. The aim of this study was to examine the concepts of transference and countertransference and how countertransference is approached in supervision, in candidate training, at a psychoanalytic institute belonging to a society affiliated to the International Psychoanalytical Association (IPA). A qualitative study was performed interviewing supervisors and supervisees. By analyzing the content, the data were transformed into initial, intermediate and final categories: the concepts of transference and countertransference; psychoanalytic listening and the complementariness of the phenomena and the approach to countertransference. The concepts of transference and countertransference predominantly used by the interviewees are based on the totalistic view. The approach to countertransference in supervision has been performed more directly and objectively when compared with a previous period, although great care is taken to delimit the boundaries between supervision and personal analysis. The main purpose is to broaden the understanding and deepen the patient-oriented interpretations. These findings suggest that the evolution of the concept of countertransference in different psychoanalytic cultures and developments in the analytic field have contributed to this change.

Recente exame da literatura sobre a contratransferência e seus desenvolvimentos revela sua utilidade clínica em diferentes culturas psicanalíticas. No entanto, sobre sua abordagem na supervisão, mostra escassez de publicações. O objetivo deste estudo foi examinar os conceitos de transferência e contratransferência e como a contratransferência é abordada na supervisão, na formação de candidatos, em um instituto de psicanálise de uma sociedade filiada a International Psychoanalytical Association (IPA). Realizou-se pesquisa qualitativa, entrevistando supervisores e supervisionandos. Através da análise de conteúdo, os dados foram transformados em categorias iniciais, intermediárias e finais. Os principais achados foram subdivididos em três categorias: os conceitos de transferência e contratransferência; a escuta psicanalítica e a complementaridade dos fenômenos e a abordagem da contratransferência. Os conceitos de transferência e de contratransferência predominantemente utilizados pelos entrevistados são baseados na visão totalística. A abordagem da contratransferência na supervisão vem sendo realizada de forma mais direta e objetiva quando comparada com período anterior, embora exista grande cuidado em delimitar os limites entre supervisão e análise pessoal. A finalidade principal é ampliar a compreensão e aprofundar as interpretações dirigidas ao paciente. Estes achados sugerem que a evolução do conceito de contratransferência em diferentes culturas psicanalíticas e os desenvolvimentos sobre campo analítico vêm contribuindo para esta mudança. / A recent examination of the literature on countertransference and its developments reveals its clinical usefulness in different psychoanalytic cultures. However, there are few publications regarding its approach in supervision. The aim of this study was to examine the concepts of transference and countertransference and how countertransference is approached in supervision, in candidate training, at a psychoanalytic institute belonging to a society affiliated to the International Psychoanalytical Association (IPA). A qualitative study was performed interviewing supervisors and supervisees. By analyzing the content, the data were transformed into initial, intermediate and final categories: the concepts of transference and countertransference; psychoanalytic listening and the complementariness of the phenomena and the approach to countertransference. The concepts of transference and countertransference predominantly used by the interviewees are based on the totalistic view. The approach to countertransference in supervision has been performed more directly and objectively when compared with a previous period, although great care is taken to delimit the boundaries between supervision and personal analysis. The main purpose is to broaden the understanding and deepen the patient-oriented interpretations. These findings suggest that the evolution of the concept of countertransference in different psychoanalytic cultures and developments in the analytic field have contributed to this change.

This project is a composition of the intersectionality between process, structure, and materiality, and an obsession, fixation, and fetishization of the simplistic yet repetitive ‘chain’ form. The thematic infatuation with the chain form became evident throughout my work in Spring 2014, while working with bronze, wood, and brass at the Slade School of Fine art in London, England. This fall I expanded on this concept to create my own representations of the chain form, abstracting and deterring it from any sociocultural origins, contexts, or landscapes.

This thesis offers an analysis of workplace emotions by interweaving social constructionist and psychoanalytic theoretical frameworks. The introduction highlights the importance of workplace emotion for organisation studies and discusses the significance of drawing on more than one framework for an understanding of the complexities of workplace emotions. India was chosen as thelocale for the study for a variety of reasons, including its global significance, its history of psychoanalysis, and immense diversity, which offer a vast landscape for exploring emotions from multiple perspectives. Engaging with India provides a cultural corrective to research on organisational emotion focussed upon Western spaces. The literature review discusses the tenets, limitations, and possibilities for cross-fertilisation of social constructionist and psychoanalytic accounts, and explores further the opportunities provided by the choice of India as the site for this work. The methodology informing the research is then introduced, focussing on qualitative interviews, storytelling, and countertransference as key features of the data collection and analysis. Four data chapters follow, which present and analyse empirical data from the field work to highlight the importance of both frameworks for an enriched understanding of emotions. The major themes that emerge from the data include cultural dynamics influencing emotions, emotional labour, workplace traumas, and the legacy of colonialism in work spaces. The thesis concludes with a review of the theoretical contributions and an identification of new possibilities and new stories for exploration opened upon by this research.

The thesis is an exploration of a patient’s use of her body in intensive psychoanalytic psychotherapy. The therapeutic encounter studied is between myself, a child and adolescent psychotherapist working in an NHS Child and Adolescent Mental Health Team,and a fifteen-year-old female diagnosed with depression. Pivotal sessions were examined: where significant shifts in the therapy were identified. These consisted of sessions where there was a transformation in anxiety; and the patient was able to verbalise what was otherwise being communicated in a bodily way. The analysis of the data using grounded theory highlighted the importance of visual communication in the therapeutic encounter. The analysis indicated that vision is the receptive point for the beginning of the containment process. The analysis of the data also highlighted that when the patient is communicating intense primitive anxieties, the therapist needs to receive and process the anxieties at a bodily level, when the patient is, perhaps for the first time, coming into contact with the feelings from which they have dissociated. The analysis of the data indicated that mirroring back emotional states that are congruent with those projected by the patient, makes thepatient aware of themselves in terms of the effect they have on others. This suggests the importance of the therapist’s non-verbal responses, which can be observed and introjected by the patient. The study contributes to the understanding of bodily communication in the therapeutic exchange. It raises interesting technical issues about when the therapist should receive and hold the patient’s projective identification at a bodily level and reflect back non- verbally that their communication has been received, and when to make a verbal interpretation. It also highligh ts the use of observation to gauge if the patient has been able to receive the therapist’s communication at a bodily level.

The aim of this study has been to investigate the significance of hide and seek play as a central feature within the intensive psychoanalytic psychotherapy of one looked after child, whose referred symptom of separation anxiety improved during the course of treatment. A mixed methods modified form of thematic analysis has been used to analyse the data and Max QDA has been introduced for data organisational purposes and to support analytic rigour. This single case study is approached from a Critical Realist stance and key findings support the argument for the validity of extending the relationship between the theoretical paradigms of Complexity Theory and Psychoanalysis,beyond the metaphorical towards the methodological with implications for efficiency, triangulation and generalisability of findings; issues which have been historically problematic in single case study research. The mixed methods analytic approach has allowed for the quantitative tracking of frequency and quality of a single marker of change, in the form of hide and seek play, across the course of the treatment. This has revealed an overall pattern in the form of a trajectory, containing properties of a self-organising complex dynamic system. Two levels of abstraction have been identified and investigated demonstrating the presence of sel-similar functioning across different levels of complexity. A ‘period of oscillation’ between variables has been identified which is associated qualitatively to a period of psychological growth and development within the child. This finding is consistent with emerging evidence in the broader field of psychology for the occurrence of a period of critical instability associated with positive treatment outcome. A key qualitative finding is the evidence for the four different sub-types of hide and seek play. This may have implications for the understanding of hide and seek play in every day life and significantly in the lives of looked after children.

As applied psychologists, educational psychologists are often involved when situations surrounding a child are complex (Lane and Corrie, 2006) and much of an EP's work is problem-centred (BPS, 2002). To make EPs effective in their role they need to be able to apply a range of theories and frameworks, specific to the clients involved, with projective techniques being part of a 'professional tool kit', which EPs can use when they feel appropriate in an open minded and child focused way. PTs have their roots in psychodynamic theory, with a belief that ambiguous stimuli will allow meaning to be given from the internal processes of the unconscious and enable these unconscious processes to be observed (Levin-Rozalis, 2006). The current research aims to address the use of PTs in relation to educational psychology practice in the UK, and looks at the challenges to EPs who are using PTs, the reported benefits and an exploration of why some EPs may not be open to the use of such techniques. Eight practising EPs participated in semi-structured interviews, two from a specialist sample who used PTs and six from a broader sample. Thematic analysis (Braun & Clarke, 2006) was used to identify key themes pertaining to the potential contribution, and the facilitators and barriers of using PTs and a psychodynamic framework for EPs based in the UK, aiming to add to the minimal academic research base and to encourage acceptance, usage and future training.

This study of the biblical Book of Amos from Marxist and Freudian perspectives demonstrates that the critical approaches so designated complement one another well enough to be adapted and employed constructively in the study of literature and literary production. From the Marxist perspective, the method employed assumes that the literary Amos the text embodies (AmosL) has been derived from an incarnate original (AmosI) reshaped in the process of literary production to serve certain sociopolitcal interests. Following Marxs thesis that humans must be comprehended materially in the ensemble of the social relations, the social location of AmosI is theorized according to the claim that he is not a prophet but a shepherd or, as Norman Gottwald states it sociologically, a transhumant pastoral nomad. Louis Althussers concept of the idealizing function of ideology is used to argue that Amos the prophet as opposed to Amos the shepherd is a literary production of the scribes who compiled the Bible. Amos remains, however, a profound literature of alienation manifesting the high degree of hegemony that the emerging monarchical ruling class in Israel had already achieved by Amoss time.<p> From the Freudian or psychoanalytic perspective, the text exemplifies a consciousness suffering the traumatic effects of an earthquakeeffects reflected in the texts imagery, intensity of voice, incoherence, anxiety, threat of exile, and non-representability. Frank Kermodes treatment of the mythic extends the concept of the compulsion to repeat characteristic of trauma to suggest that Amos is regressively fixated upon the myth of a tribal, premonarchical Israel as a sort of golden age along the lines developed by Raymond Williams in The Country and The City. Georges Batailles concept of sacred violence in its turn underscores the potential of Amos itself to fuel fantasies and acts of violence and raises disturbing questions about the ongoing effects of the sacred canonization of violent literature.

This study of the biblical Book of Amos from Marxist and Freudian perspectives demonstrates that the critical approaches so designated complement one another well enough to be adapted and employed constructively in the study of literature and literary production. From the Marxist perspective, the method employed assumes that the literary Amos the text embodies (AmosL) has been derived from an incarnate original (AmosI) reshaped in the process of literary production to serve certain sociopolitcal interests. Following Marxs thesis that humans must be comprehended materially in the ensemble of the social relations, the social location of AmosI is theorized according to the claim that he is not a prophet but a shepherd or, as Norman Gottwald states it sociologically, a transhumant pastoral nomad. Louis Althussers concept of the idealizing function of ideology is used to argue that Amos the prophet as opposed to Amos the shepherd is a literary production of the scribes who compiled the Bible. Amos remains, however, a profound literature of alienation manifesting the high degree of hegemony that the emerging monarchical ruling class in Israel had already achieved by Amoss time.<p> From the Freudian or psychoanalytic perspective, the text exemplifies a consciousness suffering the traumatic effects of an earthquakeeffects reflected in the texts imagery, intensity of voice, incoherence, anxiety, threat of exile, and non-representability. Frank Kermodes treatment of the mythic extends the concept of the compulsion to repeat characteristic of trauma to suggest that Amos is regressively fixated upon the myth of a tribal, premonarchical Israel as a sort of golden age along the lines developed by Raymond Williams in The Country and The City. Georges Batailles concept of sacred violence in its turn underscores the potential of Amos itself to fuel fantasies and acts of violence and raises disturbing questions about the ongoing effects of the sacred canonization of violent literature.