Each psychotherapist has a personal theoretical framework, that is, a set of assumptions on which his or her psychotherapy is based. It appears from the published writings and opinions of therapists that therapists generally concur that a major factor in the formation of an individual therapist's theoretical framework is the therapist's personality. This study was designed to address this issue by examining the relationship between the psychogenic needs and theoretical framework of the therapist. From an accessible population of 178, responses were obtained from 153 therapist participants (108 males and 45 females) from five Utah training programs and three experience levels. Each of the participants completed a measure of theoretical framework (developed by the author) which assessed general adherence to the principles and techniques of person-centered, behavioral, and rational-emotive therapy. Based on scales from Jackson's Personality Research Form the following psychogenic need variables were also derived: Need for Achievement, Need for Affiliation, Need for Dominance, Need for Exhibition, Need to Give Nurturance, and Need for Order. Other independent variables were based on the experience levels and training programs of the therapists. Multiple regression analyses yielded uniformly small (less than 13.5% variance accounted for), generally non-significant relationships. The only clear relationship between a psychogenic need and the theoretical framework variables was between Need for Affiliation and the person-centered therapy variables. The experience level of the therapist accounted for the greatest portion of variance in the behavior therapy variables. There was no clear relationship between the rational-emotive therapy variables and any of the independent variables. The low magnitude of these results may be partially explained by the relatively low reliability of the research variables. Further, if a relationship does exist between psychogenic needs and theoretical framework, it may not be a linear relationship which was the assumptive basis of the analyses used in the research. An interesting finding was that scores of concurrence with the three theoretical schools had positive intercorrelations of between .14 and .54. An implication of this finding is that theoretical framework may be multidimensional versus unidimensional as it has previously been conceptualized. In summary, this research does not support the relationship between the psychogenic needs and theoretical framework of the therapist. However, given the theoretical emphasis placed on the topic, and the difficulties with this research, further research in the area appears warranted before the issues can be more definitely resolved.

本研究的主題是探討一種較為特殊的消費動機—以滿足幻想為出發點而產生的消費行為，稱之為「消費幻想」。此概念雖偶爾被應用於一些特殊產品的廣告或行銷手法，但過去並沒有相關的消費者行為研究給予完整深入的探討。 完整的消費幻想循環過程，起源於消費者內心未獲滿足的六大心因性需求(Murray, 1959) ：與非生命相關事物、抱負權力相關、與人性能力相關、施虐受虐、與人際情感相關、及與社會交往相關等。當需求產生，消費者會因為緊張感而產生一股驅力，促使幻想產生，當單純幻想已無法滿足消費者內心的需求時，此時消費者就會進一步尋求能滿足幻想的消費行為，此時產生的消費行為便是消費幻想。此外，媒介或自我的誘發 (Belk, 2003)，除了可以直接刺激幻想的產生，同時也具有提升幻想轉化成消費的能力。 本研究深度訪談20位年齡從21至28歲間之年輕學生，其中包含14位女性及6位男性，分別提供137及47個幻想內容。研究發現，三大幻想內容—角色人物、場景、及抽象感受—當中的對應角色及對應型場景，會刺激對應消費的產生；而特定身分、發展型場景，則多會刺激非對應消費的產生。但不管幻想的內容為何，經由四大構面的劃分，幻想的概念都能夠清楚地被劃分成不同的角度：以取得距離構面劃分幻想時，分為可取得性與不可取得性兩種角度；以與經驗關連性構面劃分幻想，分為經驗基礎與想像基礎兩種角度；以細膩程度構面劃分幻想，分為精細型與直觀型兩種角度；以持續程度構面劃分幻想，分為持續型與情境型兩種角度。 在回歸到幻想與消費之互動關係的探討時，本研究的結果指出，不論前次與這次的未滿足需求來源是否相同，只要是以相同的幻想內容來滿足需求，該幻想內容的強度便會增加，且驅動消費的能力也會提升，可見幻想對消費的影響力是相當龐大的。 本研究最後提出與幻想及消費幻想相關的19個命題，並建構出幻想與消費行為間之完整循環模型與分析架構。研究結果將可提供給行銷人員，一個運用消費幻想的觀念架構及應用觀念，並可供後續相關學術進一步發展消費幻想量表之參考。 / The study aims to investigate a special and unique consumption motivation – “Consumption Fantasy”, which is a fantasy-driven consumption behavior. Even though having been applied to a few product promotions or advertisements, the concept has rarely been explored in Consumer Behavior related researches so far. Complete process of consumption fantasy starts at six unfulfilled psychogenic needs: “Needs Associated with Inanimate Objects”, “Needs that Reflect Ambition, Power, Accomplishment, and Prestige”, “Needs Concerned with Human Power”, “Sado-masochistic Needs”, “Needs Concerned with Affection Between People”, and “Needs Concerned With Social Intercourse” (Murray, 1959). Then anxiety caused by unfulfilled needs will drive consumers to produce fantasies. When simply fantasizing cannot satisfy needs, consumers will even transform fantasy into real consumption. Besides, media seduction or self-seduction, the same as needs, have abilities to arouse fantasies and to encourage consumption fantasies. Twenty in-depth interviews were conducted. Fourteen female and six male interviewees whose ages range from 21 to 28 years old provided separately 137 and 47 fantasies. The results reveal that “Corresponding Role” and “Corresponding Scene” within three major fantasy contents: “Characters”, “Scenes”, and “Abstract Feelings” will stimulate corresponding consumption while “Specific Identity” and “Developing Scene” encourage non-corresponding consumption mostly. However, whatever the content is, fantasy can be segmented into different points of view by four dimensions: degree of “Distance and Inaccessibility”, degree of “Experience Relatedness”, degree of “Fineness”, and degree of “Persistency”. Fantasy is therefore can be divided into 8 viewpoints: “Accessible”, “Inaccessible”, “Experience-Based”, “Imagination-Based”, “Sophisticated”, “Intuitional”, “Persistent”, and “Situational”. Moreover, in consumption fantasy loop, no matter the former and current unfulfilled needs are the same or not, as long as they are satisfied by the same fantasy content, the fantasy strength will get stronger, and its capability of driving consumption will be enhanced, too. So far, we can be sure about how powerful fantasy is towards consumption. Nineteen propositions are stated. Complete model of fantasy and consumption is built, and analyzing framework of consumption fantasy is established firmly by the study. And the results will not only be useful for marketers in consumer-exploration, but offer valuable reference material for the academia.

The thesis deals with low-threshold youth work in the context of salesian pedagogy. Using secondary analysis examines the needs of adolescents recorded in official documents of low-threshold club Oráč. Needs are classified into the system of needs and research results are used to a comprehensive view of the declared needs of adolescents visiting low-threshold club of Salesian center in České Budějovice in 2012.