M.A. / An investigation of existing research literature was undertaken to explore the experience of bereavement of parents whose child has died. The review comprises an overview of theoretical approaches to bereavement and the various factors which determine the grief experience. These include an examination of factors surrounding the loss, personal factors and coping skills, as well as an outline of familial, cultural and social aspects. A further focus of the review, is on the process of meaning making in the aftermath of a traumatic event, such as parental bereavement following on the loss of offspring. A particular focal point in this respect is the exploration of how the experience of parental bereavement motivates the search for meaning and the possible significance of this meaning in the continued life of the bereaved parent.

The aim of this qualitative study was to explore the perceptions of a group of lay counsellors about their psychological empowerment. It was hypothesised that the counsellors were empowered as a result of their involvement in a counselling service, within the context of a disadvantaged community. Five out of a potential seven participants consented to be interviewed. The researcher used a semi-structured interview schedule to guide the interview process and thematic content analysis was used to analyse the data. The themes that emerged from the analysis related to the components of psychological empowerment as postulated by Zimmerman (1995), as well as the participants’ experience within the counselling service. The study concluded that the participants experienced becoming psychologically empowered, which led to improvements within their own lives. Despite this empowerment, the participants did not appear to be enabled to influence the removal of structural barriers that cause social inequities within their communities. The study concluded that this appeared to be as a result of constraints linked to psychological empowerment. In addition, the study found that the counselling service experienced many difficulties that are similar to those experienced by many other organisations that attempt to conduct community work within the South African context.

by Yiu-kee Chan. / Thesis (M.S.S.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1990. / Bibliography: leaves 46-58. / ABSTRACT --- p.ii / ACKNOWLEDGMENT --- p.iii / TABLE OF CONTENTS --- p.iv / LIST OF TABLES --- p.V / LIST OF APPENDICES --- p.vi / Chapter CHAPTER I - --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Chapter CHAPTER II - --- METHOD --- p.15 / Subjects --- p.15 / Instruments --- p.18 / Procedures --- p.21 / Chapter CHAPTER III - --- RESULTS --- p.22 / Demographic Variables --- p.22 / Analyses of Variance --- p.27 / Intercorrelations --- p.28 / Multiple Regression Analyses --- p.33 / Chapter CHAPTER IV - --- DISCUSSION --- p.38 / REFERENCES --- p.46 / APPENDICES --- p.59

Chu Wing-yin. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1999. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 156-158). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / ABSTRACT --- p.ii-iii / ACKNOWLEDGEMENT --- p.iv / Chapter PART I --- INTRODUCTION / Chapter Chapter 1 --- p.1 / Chapter PART II --- THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK / Chapter Chapter 2 --- """Frame"" as the Key Concept" --- p.16 / Chapter Chapter 3 --- "The Role of Communication in Constructing Photographic Setting and ""Frame""" --- p.29 / Chapter PART III --- METHODOLOGY / Chapter Chapter 4 --- Procedures of Data Collection and Analysis --- p.46 / Chapter PART IV --- DATA INTERPRETATION / Chapter Chapter 5 --- "Dividing One's Life Experiences Into ""Frame"" of Photographs" --- p.61 / Chapter Chapter 6 --- "How One's Life Story Can Be Told in Photographic ""Frame""? - Establishing Relationships in the Photographic World" --- p.76 / Chapter Chapter 7 --- "The Process of Constructing Camera's ""Frame"" - Interactions and Negotiations Between Actors" --- p.111 / Chapter PART V --- CONCLUSIONS / Chapter Chapter8 --- p.148 / REFERENCES --- p.156

以往的研究發現在人際關係中存在兩種關係取向。共同取向與利他行爲以及不求回報地幫助他人相關。交換取向則與保持人際關係的平等和公平相關。兩種關係取向在人類社會中都很常見，並且從進化的角度來都有利於人類種族的生存。因此，我認爲共同取向和交換取向可以被看作兩種同時存在於人們腦中的關係圖式，每種關係圖式都與一些能在不同的環境中被動態激活的神經模塊相關，而某種動態關係取向的激活會進而影響人際關係中的動態互動情況。爲了驗證動態關係取向在人際關係中的重要作用，我完成了一個十四天的日記式實驗。參與實驗的是一百零三名處於戀愛關係中的大學生。他們需要連續十四天每天完成一份問卷。每天的問卷記錄了每位參與者當天感受到的壓力以及他們與母親和戀人互動的細節。針對每一種關係，我測量了當天動態關係取向的激活、關係滿意度、互相響應度、支持交換、負面交換、以及互動時間。在實驗前問卷中也記錄了參與者的自我構念和背景信息。研究結果支持了動態關係取向的看法。首先，動態關係取向中介了壓力對關係滿意度的影響。較高的壓力會引起共同取向的較低激活，繼而導致較低的關係滿意度。其次，壓力與動態關係取向的關係被人際關係的類型以及自我構念所調節。在子女與母親的關係中的動態關係取向對壓力的反應不如在戀愛關係中的動態關係取向靈敏。同樣的，互聯型自我構念強/獨立型自我構念弱的人的動態關係取向對壓力的反應不如互聯型自我構念弱/獨立型自我構念強的人的動態關係取向靈敏。最後，在戀愛關係中，動態關係取向對關係滿意度的作用被互相響應度、支持交換、以及負面交換中介；在子女與母親的關係中，動態關係取向對關係滿意度的作用只被互相響應度同負面交換中介。研究結果明動態關係取向是聯係人際關係、環境因素、以及個體特性的重要概念。這個概念可以成功地整合以往關於人際關係的理論同實證研究，也開啟了一個新的研究方向。 / Previous studies have identified that people have two relationship orientations in interpersonal relationships. Communal orientation is about being altruistic and helping others without expecting a reward. Exchange orientation is about keeping equity and fairness in interpersonal relationships. Both relationship orientations are prevalently observed in human societies and are evolutionarily adaptive for the survival of human species. Thus, I propose that communal orientation and exchange orientation can be viewed as two relationship modules that coexist in everyone’s mind. Each relationship module is associated with corresponding mental networks that can be dynamically activated across different situations. The activation of certain dynamic relationship orientation would then influence the dynamics within the relationship. To test the important role of dynamic relationship orientation in interpersonal relationships, a 14-day daily diary study was conducted. The participants were 103 college students who were involved in a serious romantic relationship. They were asked to fill out a daily questionnaire everyday for 14 consecutive days. Each daily questionnaire recorded participants’ perceived stress level and details about their relationship with mother and romantic partner. For each relationship, I measured the activation of dynamic relationship orientation, relationship satisfaction, mutual responsiveness, support exchanges, negative exchanges, and interaction duration on that day. Participants’ self-construal and background information were also measured in a pretest questionnaire. Results from the study supported the dynamic relationship orientation perspective. First, dynamic relationship orientation mediated the effect of perceived stress on relationship satisfaction. Higher perceived stress led to relatively less activation of the communal orientation and then resulted in lower relationship satisfaction. Second, the association between perceived stress and dynamic relationship orientation was moderated by relationship type and self-construal. The dynamic relationship orientation in child-mother relationship was less responsive to perceived stress compared with that in romantic relationship. Similarly, the dynamic relationship orientation of people with high interdependent/low independent self-construal was less responsive to perceived stress compared with that of people with low interdependent/high independent self-construal. Lastly, the effect of dynamic relationship orientation on relationship satisfaction in romantic relationship was mediated by mutual responsiveness, support exchanges, and negative exchanges, whereas the same effect in child-mother relationship was only mediated by mutual responsiveness and negative exchanges. The results suggest that dynamic relationship orientation is a key construct that connects relationship dynamics with situational factors and individual dispositions. The concept of dynamic relationship orientation can successfully integrate previous theories and empirical findings regarding interpersonal relationships and inspire a new research direction. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Li, Tianyuan / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2012. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 81-97). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstract also in Chinese. / Chapter Chapter I --- The Dynamic Relationship Orientation Perspective --- p.1 / Previous Research Related to Exchange Relationship Orientation --- p.2 / Previous Research Related to Communal Relationship Orientation --- p.5 / The Dynamic Relationship Orientation Perspective --- p.7 / Chapter Chapter II --- Dynamic Relationship Orientation as the Mediator between Perceived Stress and Relationship Satisfaction --- p.12 / From Perceived Stress to Dynamic Relationship Orientation --- p.15 / From Dynamic Relationship Orientation to Relationship Satisfaction --- p.21 / Summary --- p.24 / Chapter Chapter III --- The Current Study and the Hypotheses --- p.26 / Chapter Chapter IV --- The Pilot Study --- p.29 / Participants and Procedure --- p.29 / Measures --- p.30 / Results --- p.31 / Chapter Chapter V --- Method --- p.33 / Participants --- p.33 / Procedure --- p.33 / Measures --- p.34 / Chapter Chapter VI --- Results --- p.40 / Overview --- p.40 / Preliminary Analyses --- p.42 / The Mediating Role of Dynamic Relationship Orientation between Perceived Stress and Relationship Satisfaction --- p.47 / From Perceived Stress to Dynamic Relationship Orientation: The Moderators --- p.49 / From Dynamic Relationship Orientation to Relationship Satisfaction: The Mediators --- p.56 / Chapter Chapter VII --- Discussion --- p.60 / A New Conceptualization of Relationship Orientations --- p.60 / Activation of the Dynamic Relationship Orientation --- p.64 / Consequences of Dynamic Relationship Orientation --- p.69 / Significance of the Current Study --- p.71 / Limitations of the Current Study and Future Directions --- p.74 / Conclusion --- p.78 / References --- p.81

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Boston University / Three trends in theological education today contribute to the significance of this study: the careful selection of students for theological schools; an increased interest in the close supervision of the student's personal growth. These appear to be the instigating factors underlying the extensive use of psychological testing being employed by theological schools. The purpose of this dissertation is to determine how extensively psychological testing is being used and what contributions testing can make to the supervision of students in clinical pastoral training (CPT). First an historical survey was made of the CPT movement with special reference to the Council for Clinical Training (CCT) and the Institute of Pastoral Care (IPC). The relationship to theological education was examined to gain perspective and see the context from which to focus more clearly on psychological testing in the supervisory process. The goals of CPT were examined and found to center around (1) the student's self-understanding, 2) the development of interpersonal and interprofessional relations, and 3) a pastoral identity with concomitant skills [TRUNCATED]

Lun Miu-chi. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2004. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 37-42). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Acknowledgment --- p.i / Table of contents --- p.ii / Abstract --- p.iv / Chapter Chapter 1: --- Introduction / Relationship Harmony --- p.1 / Previous Research on Relationship Harmony --- p.1 / Relationship Harmony in Groups --- p.3 / The Five-Factor Model of Personality and Relationship Harmony --- p.5 / "Relationship Harmony, Interpersonal Attraction, and Group Cohesiveness" --- p.8 / "Relational Experiences, Group Cohesiveness, and Group Performance" --- p.11 / The Nonindependence Issue --- p.12 / Chapter Chapter 2: --- Method / Participants --- p.14 / Measures --- p.14 / Analytical Strategy --- p.17 / Chapter Chapter 3: --- Results / Table 1: Descriptive statistics of the variables Self-report RH --- p.18 / Table 2: Correlation matrix of the variables --- p.19 / Table 3: Results regarding self-report RH Other-given RH --- p.20 / Table 4: Results regarding other-given RH Self-report Liking --- p.22 / Table 5: Results regarding self-report liking Other-given Liking --- p.24 / Table 6: Results regarding other-given liking Individual's Attraction to Group --- p.24 / Table 7: Results regarding individual's attraction to the group Perception of Group Integration --- p.26 / Table 8: Results regarding perception of group integration Group Performance Outcome --- p.27 / Table 9: Results regarding the mediating role of group integration between group relationship harmony and group performance --- p.29 / Chapter Chapter 4: --- Discussion / Personality Correlates of Relationship Harmony and Interpersonal Attraction --- p.30 / "Relationship Harmony, Interpersonal Attraction, and Group Cohesiveness" --- p.33 / "Relational Constructs, Group Cohesiveness, and Group Performance" --- p.34 / Future Research Direction --- p.35 / Reference --- p.37 / Appendixes / Chapter Appendix 1: --- The Interpersonal Liking Scale --- p.43 / Chapter Appendix 2: --- The Group Interaction Measure --- p.44

Lu Lan. / "June 2004." / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2004. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 50-53). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, MI : ProQuest Information and Learning Company, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, MI : ProQuest Information and Learning Company, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Mode of access: World Wide Web. / Abstracts in English and Chinese.

The present study investigated the impact of language use on self-perceived personality and personality as perceived by others in the bilingual Chinese-English context. We used a repeated-measures design and collected data at three time points from written measures and experimental settings, to examine whether bilinguals (n = 76) exhibit different patterns of personality characteristics, each associated with one of the two languages and interlocutor ethnicity, and to delineate such discrepancies using behavioral observations in addition to self-reports. By analyzing ratings by targets, interlocutors, and observers, our findings confirmed perception effects, language effects, and ethnicity effects on various personality dimensions, such as extraversion, openness to experience and assertiveness. We suggest that using a second language accesses the perceived cultural norms in which it is applied, especially the prototypic personality profiles in that culture, thus activating behavioral expressions of personality that are appropriate in the corresponding linguistic-social context. / Chen , Xiaohua Sylvia. / "July 2007." / Adviser: Michael Harris Bond. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 69-01, Section: B, page: 0728. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2007. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 60-70). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. [Ann Arbor, MI] : ProQuest Information and Learning, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / School code: 1307.

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