<p>Personality-type measures should be viable tools to use for selection. They have incremental validity over cognitive measures and they add this incremental validity while decreasing adverse impact (Hough, 1998; Ones, Viswesvaran &amp; Schmidt, 1993; Ones &amp; Viswesvaran, 1998a). However, personality measures are susceptible to faking; individual's instructed to fake on personality measures are able to increase their scores (Barrick &amp; Mount, 1996; Ellingson, Sackett &amp; Hough, 1999; Hough, Eaton, Dunnette, Kamp, &amp; McCloy, 1990). Further, personality measures often reveal less than optimal validity estimates as research continually finds meta-analytic coefficients near .2 (e.g., Morgeson, Campion, Dipboye, Hollenbeck, Murphy, &amp; Schmitt, 2007). Some researchers have suggested that these two problems are linked as faking on personality measure may reduce their ability to predict job performance (e.g., Tett &amp; Christansen, 2007). Empirically keyed instruments traditionally enhance prediction and have been found to mitigate the effects of faking (Kluger, Reilly &amp; Russell, 1991; Scott &amp; Sinar, 2011). Recently suggested as a means to key to personality measures (e.g., Tawney &amp; Mead, In Prep), this dissertation further investigates empirical keying methods as a means to both mitigate faking effects and as a means to increase validity of personality-type measures. A Monte Carlo methodology is used due to the difficulties in obtaining accurate measures of faking. As such, this dissertation investigates faking issues under controlled and known parameters, allowing for more robust conclusions as compared to prior faking research. </p>

<p> Social networking sites (SNS) have become vastly popular and are drawing research attention rapidly. Recent research suggests valid inferences about personality might be made from observing profile information. We propose social media users can be grouped into typologies based on how they use SNS. The current study tested a proposed typology based on behaviors being exhibited. Facebook users' wall posts and recent activity were observed by trained raters in order to validate five distinct hypothesized categories of usage (e.g., Scrap booker, Entrepreneur, Social Butterfly, Activist, and Observer). As predicted, inter-rater reliability utilizing the typology was found to be significant (.97), indicating a high degree of internal consistency among the raters. There was also a highly significant correlation between raters, <i> r</i>(148) = .95, <i>p</i> &lt;. 001, and a high degree of agreement (kappa = .881, <i>p</i> &lt;. 001 ). Results support the categories proposed for coding online behaviors. Implications for the future use of the typologies in analyzing the behavioral patterns found in SNS activity are discussed to help bridge the gap between the online and the offline selves.</p>

<p>Producing students that are prepared for the world of work or higher education is the goal of every public school. Having highly effective school leaders in each building is vital for accomplishing this goal. The state of North Carolina outlined one method of building school leadership through the use of school transformation coaches. </p><p> The purpose of this research study was to determine the common characteristics of transformational leaders, coaching practices that are most beneficial in helping school leaders become successful, and if coaches with specific personality type indicators naturally used the beneficial practices more frequently. The results of the research were used to streamline the process used to hire North Carolina school transformation coaches and to inform and design professional development for current school transformation coaches. The goal of the research study was to create a common understanding of the characteristics, coaching practices, and personality type preferences needed to effectively develop school leaders using the Division of District and School Transformation and to develop the coaches within the department to in order to achieve goals efficiently. </p><p> Keywords: District and School Transformation (DST), Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI), School Transformation (STC). </p>

<p> Based on Anxiety Sensitivity (AS) research, researchers have suggested a model of how beliefs about normal experiences sometimes associated with depression, such as sleep disturbances and difficulty concentrating, may precipitate increases in depression. Cox and colleagues have proposed the existence of a trait, which they refer to as Depression Sensitivity (DS), that leads individuals to catastrophically interpret such experiences as evidence of impending or irreversible depression (Cox, Borger, &amp; Enns, 1999; Cox, Enns, &amp; Taylor, 2001; Cox, Enns, Freeman, &amp; Walker, 2001). They suggest that this trait may be a depressive scar and that its effects on future depression may be mediated by rumination. The present research sought to provide an initial, albeit incomplete, test of the tenants of this model, and extend pilot research validating the first measure of DS, the Depression Sensitivity Index (DSI). </p><p> Using a sample of Northwestern undergraduates, this research examined the relationship between DS and various facets of AS. Results provided additional evidence for the convergent and discriminant validity of the DSI, indicating that, as predicted by theory, DS is more highly correlated with AS Mental-Incapacitation Concerns than with any other AS facet. Further, confirmatory factor analyses suggested that a hierarchical model consisting of a general factor underlying all items and four group factors representing AS Mental-Incapacitation Concerns, Physical Concerns, Social Concerns, and DS provided a good fit to the AS and DS data. </p><p> The current research also evaluated whether, in line with the theoretical model of the development of DS, past episodes of depression predict DS above and beyond current mood. Results suggested that, not only was having experienced a major depressive episode predictive of DS, but that participant estimates of the number of depressive episodes that they had experienced exhibited a linear relationship with this variable. Although the existence of a relationship between past episodes and DS is insufficient to conclude that DS is a depressive scar (Cox, Enns, Freeman, et al., 2001), it is a necessary precondition for retaining the scar hypothesis. </p><p> Additionally, the present research replicated pilot findings that DS prospectively predicts depressive symptoms, predicting symptoms three months later above and beyond baseline symptoms. Further analyses indicated that DS also had incremental predictive power above and beyond both the facets of neuroticism and the facets of AS in predicting depressive symptoms three months later in a two-wave longitudinal model. Likewise, DS was predictive of depressive symptoms over the course of three months in a seven-wave longitudinal model of DS and symptoms. However, when modeled in this manner, it appeared that variance common to DS and AS Mental-Incapacitation Concerns accounted for changes in symptoms from one month to the next (e.g., over the course of every three study timepoints). Although these results are insufficient to determine if DS causes increases in depression, establishing the temporal precedence of this trait is an important first step in evaluating its causal status. </p><p> Finally, the present research evaluated whether, as proposed by the Depression Sensitivity Model, rumination partially or fully accounts for the relationship between DS and future depressive symptoms. Unfortunately, latent rumination as measured in this study did not prospectively predict depressive symptoms in the direction expected, and therefore could not account for the relationship between DS and symptoms. The meaning and implications of these results are discussed.</p>

This dissertation presents a method for reading William Butler Yeats's A Vision. Establishing parallels between the language of A Vision and that of Jung's Psychological Types both renders A Vision comprehensible at the sentence level and identifies the classical theory of temperaments as a crucial unacknowledged influence on both Yeats and Jung. A reading of Book I of A Vision demonstrates how its cycle of lunar phases functions as a sophisticated psychological typology and reveals the underlying structure of Yeats's system.

This study investigated feedback sign's relationship with performance, satisfaction, and self-efficacy. It was expected that the magnitude of feedback sign's influence would differ by feedback type, personality, and with feedback repetition. The magnitude of feedback sign's influence on performance and self-efficacy was stronger for norm feedback than absolute feedback for individuals with high Conscientiousness or high Extraversion. The magnitude of feedback sign's influence became stronger over trials for self-efficacy, but its effect on satisfaction became weaker over trials for individuals with a high level of Conscientiousness. The direction of feedback sign's effect also varied. Negative feedback led to higher performance than positive feedback for individuals given norm feedback who had a high level of Conscientiousness or a low level of Extraversion, in all other cases positive feedback led to higher performance. These results indicate that feedback type, feedback sign, personality, and feedback repetition can influence reactions to feedback.

Manipulations of a personality test administration are examined, in light of their effects on the test-takers' perceptions of the test's fairness, their acceptance of an outcome derived from the test, socially desirable responding, and other test reactions. Test-takers were administered the same personality test either face-to-face with the experimenter, or it was given to them as a traditional paper-and-pencil measure. Also, they either were or were not given an opportunity to elaborate on their responses to the items on the test. The opportunity to elaborate improved perceptions of the test's fairness. Negative test outcomes were associated with negative test reactions. Additionally, it was found that socially desirable responding was decreased in the face-to-face administration by providing the elaboration opportunity.

The purpose of this study was to explore various ways to predict and measure extreme response style, or overuse of endpoint categories in rating scales. Data was collected from a total of 913 regular participants and 240 peer participants, who completed an online battery of self-report and peer report questionnaires respectively. In addition to verifying the stability and generality of extreme responding, extreme response style was related to two personality predictors: intolerance of ambiguity and decisiveness. Both main effects and interactive effects with speed of survey completion were uncovered. Extreme response style was measured with several simple proportional methods, which were all shown to tap a latent factor of response extremity, and a latent class method, which did not achieve significant relationships with the personality predictors.

<p>Divorce can significantly and negatively impact a child's well-being (Emery, Otto, &amp; O'Donohue, 2005; Kelly, 2000; Kushner, 2009). Although the majority of divorce disputes are settled with minimal court involvement, approximately 10% of divorcing couples require child custody evaluations. Typically, parents undergoing child custody evaluations are labeled "high-conflict," but some anecdotal evidence suggests that one parent may be driving the conflict while the other is reluctantly dragged into battle (Friedman, 2004; Kelly, 2003). Custody litigants (N = 137; 69 males, 68 females) were classified into categories of high- and low-conflict based on the presence or absence of certain variables, using archived data from a forensic psychology practice, and a rating system developed for the purposes of this study. Groups were then compared separately on the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2) and the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory-III (MCMI-III), using three different methods of high- and low- conflict group distribution. Custody litigants tended to demonstrate profiles that were not elevated on clinical scales. Multiple t-tests did not reveal significant differences between high-conflict and low-conflict parents on MMPI-2 and MCMI-III Clinical scales. However, correlational analysis of MMPI-2 scales and Conflict Scores did show significance for a few of the scales (Scales F, 3, 6, and 8), whereas only one MCMI- III scale (Scale 7) was significant. Results were discussed in relation to a profile of MMPI-2 and MCMI-III respondents and conflict valence. </p>

<p> This thesis, through heuristic and artistic-creative modalities, explores embodiment in the intersection of Merleau-Ponty&rsquo;s sensuous phenomenology and depth psychology&rsquo;s archetypal feminine. The research argues that illness evokes or re-members the often unconscious relationship with the body that is the legacy of Cartesian dualism. The author references her own experience with multiple sclerosis to found the premise of the work&mdash;that meaning making of self and world is done through and by way of one&rsquo;s perceiving body. As illness shifts the taken-for-granted sedimentations of the lived body, in tandem a new lived body and surrounding world must be oriented to and made meaningful. Following a scholarly inquiry of Merleau-Ponty and the archetypal feminine, three art pieces are presented. Based upon radical reflection, the art represents the author&rsquo;s embodied coinherence with her surroundings, and points to conclusions and principles to bear in mind while working clinically with the chronically ill.</p>