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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Southern Queensland, 2005. / Title from PDF t.p. (viewed on Apr. 28, 2007). Includes bibliographical references (p. 171-190).

This exploratory study examined the manner in which variations in questioning procedures influenced the amount and accuracy of information that children and young adults recalled about a video-taped incident. Preschoolers, 8 to 10-year-olds and young adults were assigned to one of three conditions. In the control condition, one interviewer had complete knowledge of the incident and used a standard question protocol to obtain free recall. To examine how prior knowledge may predispose interviewers to use leading questions, 60 interviewers in the informed condition had limited information about the incident and 60 interviewers in the blind condition had no information about the incident and both groups were free to use their own questioning strategies. The two major dependent measures were spontaneous material (elicited in response to all question types) and yes/no responses to closed questions. Two main hypotheses and several additional questions were examined. The first hypothesis predicted that the amount of spontaneous recall in the blind and informed conditions would be higher but the accuracy lower, when compared to material elicited in the free recall condition across age-groups. Although results showed a significant increase in recall amount, there was a differential effect on accuracy. For the two younger age-groups accuracy decreased but for the adult sample, accuracy scores remained stable across the three conditions. There were clear age-related differences in the amount of material freely recalled in the control condition and no differences in accuracy. In the blind and informed conditions, there were significant age-related differences in both the amount and accuracy of spontaneous recall material. The second hypothesis predicted that closed questions which are leading (in the correct sense) would elicit more accurate responses than those that are misleading. Results supported this hypothesis for the two older samples but there was no difference between the two accuracy scores for the youngest samples. The two older age-groups scored significantly higher than the pre-school sample for accuracy based on leading questions, but there were no age-related differences in response to misleading questions. The blind and informed conditions did not differ in the accuracy of spontaneous recall or closed question material. Accuracy scores were adjusted by subtracting errors associated with particular features in the questioning context and the subject’s developmental status. In comparing the original and adjusted accuracy scores, age-related differences for spontaneous recall were minimal and disappeared for accuracy based on closed questions. In addition to language and comprehension errors, the error type which most clearly distinguished the pre-school from the older age-groups were addition errors classed as incorrect inferences and fabrications. In all cases, these error types were associated with one or more features of the questioning context. The sequential nature of the question/response discourse was highlighted in the proportion of error which was extended over a sequence of turns and the proportion of interviews containing one or more e>ror retractions. For both measures, the two younger groups scored higher that the young adult group. Age related differences were also found in the amount and accuracy of material in the interviewer reports as well as in the components of report error. The results include a detailed outline of the manner in which fabricated material emerged, the circumstances under which it was retracted and the degree to which it appeared in the interviewer reports. Also reviewed are qualitative features relating to the form, content, techniques and style of questioning as well as characteristics of young children’s language, thinking and perception. The results are compared to previous research findings regarding age-related differences in question/response material with specific focus on issues regarding children’s inaccuracy, suggestibility and inability to distinguish fact from fantasy. Productive and counter-productive questioning procedures are discussed in relation to the demand characteristics of the interview setting, the nature of repeated questioning and a number of related issues specific to questioning in the forensic context. Practical application of the findings are discussed with a particular focus on improving non-leading questioning skills in applied settings. / Graduate

Thesis (M.A.)--Kutztown University of Pennsylvania, 1993. / Source: Masters Abstracts International, Volume: 45-06, page: 2778. Abstract precedes thesis as [1] preliminary leaf. Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 34-39).

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Syracuse University, 2008. / "Publication number: AAT 3347263."

Thesis (M.A.)--Miami University, Dept. of Psychology, 2007. / Title from first page of PDF document. Includes bibliographical references (p. 21-23).

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Ohio University, August, 2009. / Title from PDF t.p. Includes bibliographical references.

Creativity is a valuable attribute that involves the generation of original ideas; attention is a vital function that facilitates information selection. Past research has related these cognitive constructs, having found that highly creative people tend to be more distractible than those less creative, which allows them to produce more novel associations. This thesis aimed to test the relationship between these two processes using multiple tests of creativity (e.g., achievement, divergent thinking, and collage-making) and attention (e.g., focused, sustained, selective, and divided attention), which represented the complexity of each construct, and improved upon the methods previously reported. Additionally, the performance of participants with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) was compared to those without. Four studies were carried out. Within the first two, creativity scores were compared and related to attention scores, within and between control and ADHD groups. No consistent relationships were found. The ADHD group had higher creativity scores on average, but the differences were not significant. Study three incorporated eye-tracking techniques to explore the effect of visual stimulation on creativity and attention performance between-groups. It was found that the ADHD group looked at the attention task targets significantly less, yet their performance was not significantly worse. No between-group differences in creativity were found. The visually stimulating environment did not affect performance. Study four investigated the effect of an incubation period on creativity. Results showed that incubation increased the proportion of original ideas, but performance did not vary according to incubation task demand. However, self-report responses indicated that participants did not sufficiently engage in the incubation period, as they continued to think consciously of solutions. The link between creativity and attention is not supported, and the idea that ADHD is beneficial to creativity is not fully upheld. Further research should examine creativity and attention in work or university settings, to consider the existence of a ‘real life' relationship.

Orientador: Antonio Bento Alves de Moraes / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-18T17:51:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Zanatta_Juliana_M.pdf: 1561744 bytes, checksum: 6deeb2fc7bc444b163f8541e7049b28b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: O objetivo do trabalho foi identificar os efeitos de um procedimento preparatório de fornecimento de informação face a face sobre os níveis de ansiedade, mudanças fisiológicas e dor de pacientes odontológicos submetidos à exodontia de terceiros molares. Participaram 123 pacientes, de 14 a 24 anos, que necessitavam de exodontia de, pelo menos, um terceiro molar em uma sessão odontológica. Os pacientes foram selecionados e alocados, aleatoriamente, em dois grupos (Controle e Experimental). O planejamento experimental foi dividido em (1) Questionário de Identificação; (2) Pré-Cirúrgico; (3) Oferecimento de Informação Prévia Face a Face (Grupo experimental); (4) Procedimento Cirúrgico; (5) Pós-Cirúrgico Imediato; (6) Pós-cirúrgico Mediato; e (7) Remoção de Sutura. O Questionário de Identificação apresentou questões abertas e fechadas sobre hábitos, experiência cirúrgica odontológica e história de uso de medicamentos. O momento Pré-Cirúrgico envolveu medidas fisiológicas (pressão arterial e frequência cardíaca), a aplicação do Inventário de Ansiedade Traço-Estado (IDATE), da Escala de Ansiedade Odontológica de Corah (DAS) e do Questionário Mcgill de Dor (Índice de Estimativa de Dor Sensorial, Índice de Estimativa de Dor Afetiva, Intensidade de Dor Presente e Avaliação Global da Experiência de Dor). Depois da etapa Pré-Cirúrgica, os pacientes do Grupo Experimental receberam a Informação Prévia Face a Face sobre a cirurgia de exodontia. As mesmas medidas do momento Pré-Cirúrgico foram repetidas no momento Pós-Cirúrgico Imediato, Mediato e Remoção de Sutura. Os dados obtidos pela entrevista e escores obtidos pelos instrumentos IDATE, DAS e McGill e pelo equipamento de aferição de medidas fisiológicas foram analisados através de testes Qui-Quadrado, Análise de Variância com Modelo Misto e Tukey (?=0,05). Verificou-se que não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa entre as médias dos escores obtidos por meio das medidas fisiológicas e das avaliações com os instrumentos DAS e IDATE em todos os momentos entre os Grupos (análise entre grupos) e na análise de cada grupo nos momentos (análise intra-grupo). A análise dos dados no relato de dor sugere haver redução significativa na variável Índice de Estimativa de Dor Sensorial no momento imediatamente após a cirurgia para os pacientes do Grupo Experimental (Pós-Cirúrgico Imediato: GC=6,83 - GE=4,43, p?0,0001). Estes resultados sugerem que a informação prévia face a face foi eficiente para a diminuição significativa dos relatos de dor sensorial imediatamente após a exodontia, mas não foi eficaz para a redução das medidas fisiológicas, das respostas de ansiedade e de outros relatos dor na exodontia de terceiros molares / Abstract: The aim of this work was to identify the effects of a preparatory procedure for providing face to face information on the levels of anxiety, physiological changes and pain of dental patients undergoing extraction of third molars. Participants 123 patients, 14 to 24 years, who required extraction of at least one third molar in a dental session. The patients were selected and randomly allocated into two groups (Control and Experimental). The experimental design was divided into (1) Identification Questionnaire; (2) Pre-Surgical; (3) Providing Prior Face to Face Information (Experimental Group); (4) Surgical Procedure; (5) Immediate Post-Surgical; (6) Mediate Post-Surgical; and (7) Suture Removal. The Identification Questionnaire presented open and closed questions about habits, dental experience and history of drug use. The Pre-Surgical moment involved physiological measurements (blood pressure and heart rate), the implementation of the Trait-State Anxiety Inventory (STAI), Dental Anxiety Scale (DAS), and the McGill Pain Questionnaire (Sensory Pain Rank Index, Affective Pain Rank Index, Present Pain Intensity and Global Assessment of Pain Experience). After the preoperative phase, patients in the Experimental Group received prior face to face information about extraction surgery. The same measures of Pre-Surgical moment were repeated in the Immediate Post-Surgical, Mediate Post-Surgical and Suture Removal moments. Data obtained by interview and scores obtained by instruments STAI, DAS and McGill, and the measures of the equipment measuring physiological measures were analyzed using Chi-Square, Analyses of Variance with Mixed Model and Tukey (?=0,05). It was found that there was no statistically significant difference between the means scores on the physiological assessments with the DAS and STAI instruments at all moments between the groups (between groups analysis) and analysis of each group in moments (Intra-group analysis). Data analysis in the reporting of pain suggests that there is significant reduction in the Sensory Pain Rank Index at the moment immediately after surgery to Experimental Group patients (Immediate Post-Surgical: CG: 6,83 - EG: 4,43, p?0,0001). These results suggest that prior face to face information was efficient for the significant decrease in the reports of sensory pain immediately after extraction, but was not effective for reduces physiological responses measures of anxiety and of others reports pain on third molar extraction. These results indicate that prior face to face information was efficient for significant decrease in reports of sensory pain immediately after extraction, but was not effective for reducing physiological measures and anxiety and other pain responses reports on third molar extraction / Mestrado / Saude Coletiva / Mestre em Odontologia

Doctorat en sciences sociales, politiques et économiques / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished