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The thesis specifies how Franz Brentano inspired some of his students and how those students, in their turn, influenced the next generation of psychologists. After outlining the essentials of Aristotle's psychology, the thesis explains some general positions that Brentano borrowed from Aristotle. It goes on to relate Brentano's concepts of 'presentation,' 'unity of consciousness,' and 'difference between the mental and physical,' as well as his call for a 'science of the mind' to ideas of Christian von Ehrenfels, Carl Stumpf and Alexius Meinong. / Ehrenfels thought that a mental element, which he named gestalt quality, explains why a string of presentations has a certain form. The thesis then looks at a book of Edgar Rubin, even though Rubin was not a student of Brentano. His experiments that demonstrated the figure-ground phenomenon, however, were well known to the Berlin gestalt school. My analysis of Ehrenfels also sheds light on Rubin's theory, a theory that the Berlin gestalt school seemed to have overlooked, perhaps because Rubin's findings fit so well into their own notions. / Stumpf developed his theory of how presentations form a unity partly in rejection of Aristotle's notion of substance. His theory grounds his criticism of associationism. Stumpf's students, however, would not accept his dualistic view, but they would benefit from the experimental methods that he developed and taught them. Stumpf adapted his theory in response to his students' work, and that version formed the basis of his objections against their explanations. / Meinong's theory of how presentations are united was inspired by the Scholastics, and his students would render it into a psychological format. It is as a review of that latter work that the Berlin gestalt school presented its gestalt notion for the first time in mature form. / The conclusion very briefly reiterates Brentano's influence. It also contains some general observations regarding the diversity among the gestalt notions, the wide scope of the gestalt authors, and their zeal for the pursuit of pure scientific knowledge.

The accepted view of Late Victorian psychology suggests that it avoided a commitment to a scientific framework because of the influence of Idealist philosophy. This study represents an attempt to show that both moral considerations and the recognition of the positive role which the human mind plays in organizing sense data favoured the abandonment of certain assumptions inherent in Positivism and Naturalism. In essence, the problem faced by Late Victorian psychologists was how to explain consciousness as a natural phenomenon. The most important sources of information used in this study were the text books of James Ward, James Sully and G.F. Stout. In addition, their articles on psychological topics, published in academic journals, were of considerable value; and in particular, the British journal, Mind proved useful. In an address to the British Association for the Advancement of Science, Thomas Henry Huxley presented the "doctrine of conscious automatism," which described human behavior as a result solely of external sensations without the intervention of consciousness. The psychologist, James Ward, attacked the materialist influence upon psychology and Naturalism in general. Ward took the position that the laws of science were only mathematical generalizations and thus were not always applicable to single instances. Evolution, he believed, gave evidence of the workings of a Supernatural Power. In man, the influence of the Power was shown by a need to fulfill a moral ideal. Another Late Victorian psychologist, James Sully, tried to adhere more firmly to the Positivist tradition. Following a suggestion of Herbert Spencer's, Sully tried to explain morals as the end product of mankind's evolutionary development. The final psychologist treated in this study, George Frederick Stout also recognized the importance of subjective factors in a man's perceptions and judgments. Stout adopted Avenarius' theory that all thought served as a form of biological adjustment to the environment. In this way, Stout showed how consciousness could be studied as a natural phenomenon. / Arts, Faculty of / History, Department of / Graduate

The subject of this thesis is the relationship of the psychology and epistemology of the philosopher Epictetus (c.55-135 A.D.) to the Stoic tradition to which he belonged. Epictetus' psychology is characterised by the subsuming of psychological functions and development under the single term prohairesis, and his epistemology under a corresponding term 'use of impressions' (chrêsis phantasiôn); the two terms being used largely interchangeably. The status of the prohairesis as a faculty is investigated and it is concluded that it is the principal over-arching faculty of the governing-principle of the soul (hêgemonikon), and thus occupies a similar position to that occupied by Reason (logos) in the Stoic tradition. Prohairesis is used to define the 'end' and 'good' for man in Epictetus' teaching, displacing 'wisdom' and 'virtue' with 'prohairesis as it ought to be'. Epictetus thus seeks to reflect the concerns of the 'person making progress' by making the end an extreme point on a continuum of mental and moral states on which he already occupies a place. The self-contemplating ability of prohairesis allows it to be used to define the human self as a single unified consciousness, and also distinguish it from 'external' things outwith our power. The redefining of all things external to the mind as outwith our power is Epictetus' most significant innovation. Epistemology is closely linked to psychology. The 'use of impressions' involves using 'preconceptions' (prolêpseis) and 'rules' (kanones) to test incoming impressions. The aim is not to allow any false judgement to be installed permanently in the prohairesis and thus hinder moral progress. The substitution of the term judgement (dogma) for 'cognition' (katalêpsis) allows Epictetus to draw attention to the need to replace poor judgements with better ones. The thesis concludes that Epictetus introduces a number of innovations to Stoicism and also develops established doctrines to reflect his emphasis on the 'inner life' and on the moral development of ordinary people.

The following thesis applies theories and findings from cognitive psychology to notions of pictorial address and seriality in art. It is interdisciplinary and practice-led, culminating in a written outcome and a portfolio of creative work. The thesis suggests a model for the exchange of ideas within experimental psychology, art practice and art theory. The research evaluates historical and theoretical notions of pictorial address in light of concepts within visual cognition. Theories of address often refer to the temporal, spatial and postural qualities of art spectatorship. Here they are aligned with relevant psychological concepts including gist extraction, spatial representation and embodied simulation in order to make the underlying perceptual and cognitive processes explicit. There is an emphasis on seriality as a mode of address and pictorial artworks that comprise multiple discrete but related instances displayed together. Two case studies consider the serial output of Claude Monet and Andy Warhol in terms of cognitive theories of concept formation and exposure effects, respectively. The direct impact of features of seriality on the viewer in each case is discussed relative to existing art theory and established art historical narratives. The thesis culminates with presentation and discussion of the portfolio of creative work that both informed and was informed by the theoretical research. The outcomes comprise paintings, drawings, photography and mixed media installation that explore properties of variation, repetition and relational knowledge within pictorial address.

D.Litt. et Phil. / Before the nineteenth century psychology was not recognised as an independent, fully fledged discipline. Psychological issues were mostly treated as relating to philosophy or religion. In order to liberate psychology as an independent field of study, it became necessary to transform it into a scientific discipline, using methodology accepted in the natural sciences. Psychology thus had to be defined in terms of modern methodology, as seen in early schools such as structuralism, functionalism and behaviourism. World War II represented a turning point in history, as people became disillusioned with meta-narratives which implied that rationality and science would leads to human advancement. A "new" generation had come into being, that no longer believed scientific knowledge and research held the key to emancipation. The latter mindshift indicates the transition from modern to postmodern thought.

Esta pesquisa, de cunho teórico e bibliográfico, teve por objetivo realizar uma análise crítica do livro Psicologia Social (1935) de Raul Briquet. A Psicologia Social brasileira encontra a sua origem nas teses de doutoramento defendidas nas Faculdades de Medicina do Rio de Janeiro e da Bahia, tendo como um de seus principais pioneiros o médico Raul Carlos Briquet, que publicou o primeiro manual brasileiro sobre Psicologia Social em 1935. O método utilizado foi o materialismo histórico e dialético, a partir da análise das principais categorias e tendências presentes na estrutura e no conteúdo do livro. As mediações de sua obra residem tanto nas teorias com base no Positivismo e no Evolucionismo do século XIX - sobretudo nas idéias do Pensamento Social Brasileiro quanto nas concepções liberais defendidas pela elite brasileira da década de 1930, expressa através de importantes documentos tais como o Manifesto dos Pioneiros da Educação Nova e o Manifesto da Escola Livre de Sociologia e Política de São Paulo (1933) que, dentre os signatários, estava Briquet. A análise crítica apresentou, primeiramente, um panorama geral da estrutura e conteúdo do livro, expondo em seguida suas principais categorias (indivíduo;sociedade; relação indivíduo-sociedade;ciência;educação;psicologia social) e tendências (cientificismo/organicismo; normatização; orientação programática para a ciência; evolucionismo/higienismo; aproximação à realidade cotidiana; crítica radical) segundo suas mediações internas e externas; para tanto, partiu das categorias de análise da dialética como mediação, contradição e totalidade. Deste modo, foi possível compreender o primeiro manual brasileiro sobre Psicologia Social sob duplo aspecto: primeiro, como um manual que respondia ao movimento de institucionalização da psicologia social como disciplina autônoma e estruturado a partir de uma bibliografia contemporânea às principais pesquisas da época; segundo, como resultado do amplo contexto histórico do entre-guerras, somado ao jogo de forças políticas que compuseram a Era Vargas a partir dos desdobramentos de sua política de conciliação de classes e da chamada modernização conservadora / This theoretical and bibliographical research aimed to conduct a critical analysis of Raul Briquet´s Social Psychology (1935) book. The brazilian social psychology finds its origin in the doctoral degree theses in the Medical Schools of Rio de Janeiro and Bahia, having as one of its leading pioneers the doctor Raul Carlos Briquet, who published the first brazilian handbook social psychology in 1935. The method used was the historical and dialectical materialism, from the analysis of the main present categories and trends in the structure and content of the book. The mediations of his work resides in theories based on positivism and evolutionism of the nineteenth century - especially the ideas of the Brazilian Social Thought - as the liberal conceptions defended by the brazilian elite of the 1930s, expressed through important documents such as the Manifesto of Pioneers of New Education and the Manifesto of Free School of Sociology and Policy, that among the signatories was Briquet. The critical analysis presented, first, an overview of the structure and content of the book, then exposing its main categories (individual, society, individual-society relation, science, education, social psychology) and trends (scientism/organicism, the programmatic orientation toward science, evolutionism/hygienism, approach to daily reality, radical critique) according to their internal and external mediations; to do so, started by the dialectical analysis of categories such as mediation, contradiction and totality. Thus, it was possible to understand the first brazilian handbook of social psychology into two ways: first, as a manual that responded to institutionalization movement in social psychology as an autonomous discipline and structured from contemporary literature to the main research of the time; second, as a result of the broad historical context of the interwar, added to the political forces struggle that formed the Vargas Era from the consequences of their class conciliation politic and the nominated \"conservative modernization

Esta pesquisa, de cunho teórico e bibliográfico, teve por objetivo realizar uma análise crítica do livro Psicologia Social (1935) de Raul Briquet. A Psicologia Social brasileira encontra a sua origem nas teses de doutoramento defendidas nas Faculdades de Medicina do Rio de Janeiro e da Bahia, tendo como um de seus principais pioneiros o médico Raul Carlos Briquet, que publicou o primeiro manual brasileiro sobre Psicologia Social em 1935. O método utilizado foi o materialismo histórico e dialético, a partir da análise das principais categorias e tendências presentes na estrutura e no conteúdo do livro. As mediações de sua obra residem tanto nas teorias com base no Positivismo e no Evolucionismo do século XIX - sobretudo nas idéias do Pensamento Social Brasileiro quanto nas concepções liberais defendidas pela elite brasileira da década de 1930, expressa através de importantes documentos tais como o Manifesto dos Pioneiros da Educação Nova e o Manifesto da Escola Livre de Sociologia e Política de São Paulo (1933) que, dentre os signatários, estava Briquet. A análise crítica apresentou, primeiramente, um panorama geral da estrutura e conteúdo do livro, expondo em seguida suas principais categorias (indivíduo;sociedade; relação indivíduo-sociedade;ciência;educação;psicologia social) e tendências (cientificismo/organicismo; normatização; orientação programática para a ciência; evolucionismo/higienismo; aproximação à realidade cotidiana; crítica radical) segundo suas mediações internas e externas; para tanto, partiu das categorias de análise da dialética como mediação, contradição e totalidade. Deste modo, foi possível compreender o primeiro manual brasileiro sobre Psicologia Social sob duplo aspecto: primeiro, como um manual que respondia ao movimento de institucionalização da psicologia social como disciplina autônoma e estruturado a partir de uma bibliografia contemporânea às principais pesquisas da época; segundo, como resultado do amplo contexto histórico do entre-guerras, somado ao jogo de forças políticas que compuseram a Era Vargas a partir dos desdobramentos de sua política de conciliação de classes e da chamada modernização conservadora / This theoretical and bibliographical research aimed to conduct a critical analysis of Raul Briquet´s Social Psychology (1935) book. The brazilian social psychology finds its origin in the doctoral degree theses in the Medical Schools of Rio de Janeiro and Bahia, having as one of its leading pioneers the doctor Raul Carlos Briquet, who published the first brazilian handbook social psychology in 1935. The method used was the historical and dialectical materialism, from the analysis of the main present categories and trends in the structure and content of the book. The mediations of his work resides in theories based on positivism and evolutionism of the nineteenth century - especially the ideas of the Brazilian Social Thought - as the liberal conceptions defended by the brazilian elite of the 1930s, expressed through important documents such as the Manifesto of Pioneers of New Education and the Manifesto of Free School of Sociology and Policy, that among the signatories was Briquet. The critical analysis presented, first, an overview of the structure and content of the book, then exposing its main categories (individual, society, individual-society relation, science, education, social psychology) and trends (scientism/organicism, the programmatic orientation toward science, evolutionism/hygienism, approach to daily reality, radical critique) according to their internal and external mediations; to do so, started by the dialectical analysis of categories such as mediation, contradiction and totality. Thus, it was possible to understand the first brazilian handbook of social psychology into two ways: first, as a manual that responded to institutionalization movement in social psychology as an autonomous discipline and structured from contemporary literature to the main research of the time; second, as a result of the broad historical context of the interwar, added to the political forces struggle that formed the Vargas Era from the consequences of their class conciliation politic and the nominated \"conservative modernization

Thesis (Ed. D.)--University of Toronto, 2004. / Adviser: F. Michael Connelly.

A presente dissertação tem por objeto elaborar um relato histórico da emergência da Abordagem Centrada na Pessoa (ACP) no Brasil, com especial observância ao eixo Rio-São Paulo nas décadas de 1950, 1960 e 1970. A ACP faz parte da chamada Psicologia Humanista, um movimento inicialmente organizado pelo psicólogo norte-americano Abraham Maslow (1908-1970) na década de 1950, que contou com a forte participação de Carl Rogers (1902-1987), também psicólogo norte-americano, e fundador da atualmente denominada Abordagem Centrada na Pessoa. A trajetória profissional de Rogers foi marcada pelos acontecimentos de sua época, como a crise econômica americana da década de 1930, a Segunda Guerra Mundial, a Guerra Fria e os conflitos globais por questões étnicas, religiosas e raciais. Para uma melhor compreensão do desenvolvimento da ACP, este foi narrado em conjunto com a história dos principais acontecimentos políticos, econômicos e culturais dos EUA, buscando construir uma narrativa situada historicamente. O mesmo foi feito em relação à história da ACP no Brasil, nas décadas de 1950 a 1970, ressaltando-se o objetivo dos governantes nacionais de transformar o Brasil em uma grande nação em termos culturais e educacionais, para isso se valendo da criação de diversas instituições voltadas às crianças, adolescentes e jovens adultos, para seu atendimento psicológico, educacional, orientação profissional e aprimoramento técnico. A instauração da ditadura civil-militar iniciada em 1964, o processo de regulamentação da profissão de psicólogo e a criação dos primeiros cursos de psicologia no Brasil são destaque. Registrar a história da ACP no Brasil é uma tarefa que se justifica dado o contingente de profissionais que atuam neste referencial teórico e para incentivar a pesquisa em história da psicologia. A metodologia de trabalho adotada foi a revisão bibliográfica e o relato oral instrumentalizado por entrevistas com profissionais de destacada relevância na história da ACP no Rio de Janeiro e em São Paulo. Este estudo tem como marco final a vinda de Carl Rogers e sua equipe em 1977 ao Brasil para a realização do I Encontro Brasileiro Centrado na Pessoa (Arcozelo I), o que possibilitou a reunião, o reconhecimento mútuo e a troca de experiências entre os profissionais brasileiros, fechando desta forma o período da emergência da ACP no Brasil e favoreceu uma nova fase de desenvolvimento por todo o país. / This dissertation is to develop a historical object of emergence of Person Centred Approach (PCA) in Brazil, with special observance to the Rio-São Paulo in the 1950s, 1960s and 1970. The ACP is part of the so-called humanistic psychology, a movement initially organized by the american psychologist Abraham Maslow (1908-1970) in the 1950s, which saw the participation of strong Carl Rogers (1902-1987), also American psychologist and founder of the currently named the Person Centred Approach. The professional trajectory of Rogers was marked by the events of his time, as the american economic crisis of the 1930s, Worldwide War, the Cold War and by ethnic, religious and racial global conflicts. For a better understanding the development of ACP, this was narrated in conjunction with the main political, economic and cultural history of U.S., seeking construct a narrative historically situated. The same was done to the history of ACP in Brazil, in the decades from 1950 to 1970, emphasizing the political rulers goal of transforming Brazil into a great nation in cultural and educational for it is worth creating several institutions devoted to children, adolescents and young adults for their psychological care, educational, vocational guidance and technician improvement. The establishment of civil-military dictatorship that began in 1964, the process of regulating the profession of psychologist and the creation of first courses in psychology in Brazil are highlighted. Register the history of ACP in Brazil is a task that is justified given the contingent of professionals theoretical engaged and to encourage research into the history of psychology. The methodology of work adopted was the oral report and literature review instrumentalized by interviews with prominent professionals relevance in the history of ACP in Rio de Janeiro and Sao Paulo. This study is the final milestone coming of Carl Rogers and his team in 1977 to Brazil for the realization of the First Brazilian Meeting Focused on Person (Arcozelo I), which allowed the meeting, recognition and mutual exchange of experience among Brazilian professionals,thus closing the period of the emergency and the ACP in Brazil favoring a new phase of development across the country.