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Schizophrenia and information processing: A comparison of the prepulse inhibition, latent inhibition, P-50 gating, and mismatch negativity paradigms, with schizophrenia, bipolar and well controlled samplesShockley, N. Unknown Date (has links)
No description available.
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Factors associated with opiate dependence: An interaction of cognitive, genetic and psychosocial influences on acquisition and outcomeWalmsley, C. J. Unknown Date (has links)
No description available.
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Startle eyeblink modification : associations with Haloperidol, caffeine and nicotine in schizophrenia-spectrum and healthy individualsThompson, A. K. Unknown Date (has links)
No description available.
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Relationships between the Symptomatology and Neuropsychology of Schizophrenia: Three, Five, Eleven, or a Greater Number of Valid Syndromes?Bruno, RB January 2005 (has links) (PDF)
The marked heterogeneity between individuals diagnosed as experiencing schizophrenia has troubled nosologists since the very coining of the term. Catalysed by Crows (1980) hypothesis of independent positive, and negative syndromes, which led to substantial breakthroughs in our comprehension of schizophrenia, the last two decades have seen a resurgence of interest in the characterisation of symptom dimensions to resolve the issue of heterogeneity. A three dimensional model, comprising 'psychotic', 'negative', 'disorganised' syndromes has received considerable research attention and has been proposed for inclusion in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Similarly, a five-dimensional model, adding syndromes of 'affective disturbance'and 'excitement', has also attracted an increasing profile of literature. Mounting evidence suggests, however, that these models do not adequately reflect the diversity of symptoms seen among those with a diagnosis of schizophrenia, and that they may emerge as an artefact of lossy factor-analytic techniques applied to measurement models biased or inadequate in their coverage of symptoms. To overcome such limitations, in the present study one hundred in- and out- patients diagnosed with schizophrenia were assessed for completed a battery of neuropsychological tests tapping five aspects of attention, and smooth pursuit eye tracking was also recorded. Using cluster analyses to examine correlations between symptoms, eleven groups of symptoms were identified: 'hostility', 'conceptual disorganisation', 'bizarre behaviour', 'grandiosity', 'auditory hallucinations', 'loss of boundary delusions', 'paranoia', 'anxious intropunitiveness', 'cognitive dysfunction', 'negative signs' and 'social dysfunctions'. All groupings were internally consistent, largely independent of others, and supported by other symptom models proposed in the literature. Several of the symptom groupings were validated by demonstration of independent relationships with neuropsychological variables or aspects of eye movements, and the more complex symptom model was equivalent or superior in the prediction of neuropsychological performance than the three- and five- factor symptom models.
Implicit in dimensional approaches to conceptualising schizophrenia is the notion that the identified groupings may reflect the functioning of distinct brain systems. This thesis has demonstrated that the 'syndromes' defined by the three- and five- dimensional models of schizophrenia are actually heterogeneous groupings of poorly correlated symptoms. This, in turn, obscures the relationships between symptoms and underlying pathology. Dimensional approaches to psychopathology hold great promise for unravelling the nature of psychosis. However, the existing facile descriptions may actively constrain the potential for research progress. The rigorously developed description of symptomatology presented here represents a compact and useful representation of the spectrum of symptoms experienced in schizophrenia, and has demonstrated an advantage over existing conceptions that demands implementation and vigorous research attention.
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Contrasting the effects of haloperidol and olanzapine on attention and working memory in schizophrenia: a double-blind flexible dose study /Boulay, Luc J. January 1900 (has links)
Thesis (Ph. D.)--Carleton University, 2003. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 187-221). Also available in electronic format on the Internet.
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Monoaminergic mechanisms in mood-associated behaviours and neurochemistry in rats /Häidkind, Riina. January 2004 (has links) (PDF)
Thesis (doctoral)--University of Tartu, 2004. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 53-67)
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Effects of methylphenidate and thioridazine upon attention, arousal, and activity in mentally retarded youngsters.Tate, Douglas Lloyd. Carleton University. Dissertation. Psychology. January 1975 (has links)
Thesis (Ph. D.)--Carleton University, 1975. / Also available in electronic format on the Internet.
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A detailed analysis of the effects of methamphetamine on schedule-controlled responding in pigeons /Bennett, J. Adam January 2006 (has links) (PDF)
Thesis (M.S.)--University of North Carolina at Wilmington, 2006. / Includes bibliographical references.
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The Enduring Effects of Conditioned Flavor Cues, Associated with Alcohol-Drinking During Adolescence, on Cue-Induced Alcohol-Drinking and –Seeking in AdulthoodTaylor, Mckenzie, Alley, Julianna, Hernandez, Liza, Underwood, Jacob, Zabala, Destiny, Deehan, Gerald A 12 April 2019 (has links)
Introduction
Alcoholism represents a chronic recurring disorder that affects 15 million people nationwide, 4% of which fall within the adolescent age range (12-17). Clinical data indicate that adolescents who binge drink greatly increase their chances of suffering from several dangerous health outcomes (i.e., suicide, risky sexual behavior, car wreck, etc.) as well as the likelihood they will develop an alcohol-use disorder later in life. Moreover, research indicates that cues (i.e. flavors) paired with alcohol drinking produce significant cue-induced alcohol craving, contributing to relapse in adolescence and adult populations. Therefore, the current study sought to model the effect of adolescent exposure to flavor cues, paired with alcohol, on subsequent cue-induced alcohol-seeking in adulthood.
Methods
Alcohol naïve alcohol-preferring (P) rats were randomly assigned to a paired or unpaired group. During the adolescent period, all animals had 24-hour access to 3 bottles; (paired group: 0.1% blueberry flavor extract (BB) + 15% v/v alcohol, and two water; unpaired group: 0.1% BB, 15% v/v alcohol, and water). The animal’s body and bottle weights were recorded daily. In the first two weeks of adulthood, all rats experienced daily 60-minute self-administration sessions to measure fluid intake. Paired animals could consume 0.1% BB + 15% alcohol or water and unpaired animals could consume 0.1% BB or 15% alcohol. The following two weeks all rats were kept in their home cage with access to only water. Following this 2 week period of imposed abstinence, rats were returned to the chambers and consumption of 0.1% BB or water was measured to examine cue-induced alcohol-seeking.
Results
Data indicate adolescent exposure to BB + alcohol did not promote faster acquisition of self-administration. Additionally, during adolescence and adulthood, both groups consumed similar levels of alcohol. When tested for cue-induced alcohol-seeking, paired rats exhibited significant resistance to extinction of sipping on the BB sipper (no alcohol).
Conclusions
Overall, data suggest that cues paired with alcohol during adolescence and early adulthood may contribute to prolonged alcohol-seeking behavior thus increasing risk of relapse following subsequent cue exposure.
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Philosophy of psychopharmacology : a naturalist approachStein, Dan J. 03 1900 (has links)
Thesis (DPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2008. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The use of psychiatric medication is an important part of modern medical and
psychiatric practice. Clinical psychopharmacology raises a broad range of philosophical
issues, including metaphysical, epistemological, and moral questions. This dissertation
attempts to provide a conceptual framework for addressing several of these questions,
and for formulating a conceptual basis for psychiatry in general and clinical
psychopharmacology in particular.
The dissertation begins by heuristically contrasting two broad approaches towards
a range of questions in the philosophy of science, language, and medicine. A classical
position takes an essentialist and objective view of categories while a critical position
emphasizes that categories are often metaphoric and subjective. A synthetic or integrated
position might be possible, in which radial categories are often based on metaphoric
extensions of basic-level sensorimotor-affective experience, and are embodied in the
brain-mind and in social practices.
Rather than attempt to defend an integrated position in purely conceptual terms,
the dissertation supports this view of categories using data from the cognitive-affective
sciences. An important category for philosophy of medicine is disorder, and the
dissertation argues that certain universal considerations explain agreement about
prototypical disorders. Extensions of disorder metaphors are theory-driven and valueladen,
and although disagreement about atypical conditions is likely, reasonable debate is
possible. The dissertation then considers several conceptual questions, namely the nature of
psychotropics, of emotion, and of the self. In each case, a classical position which
attempts an essentialist definition is contrasted with a critical position which emphasizes
that these constructs are socially constructed and crucially subjective. Cognitiveaffective
data is then employed to support an integrative position which emphasizes the
embodiment of complex brain-mind phenomena in the brain-mind and in social practices.
Explanatory questions considered are how best to explain pharmacotherapy and
psychotherapy, how to account for placebo responses, and the relevance of evolutionary
explanations of disorder. It is argued that a functionalist account fails to explain
psychopharmacological phenomena, including pharmacotherapy and placebo effects.
Instead, an account which emphasizes how psychobiological mechanisms produce
complex brain-mind phenomena is needed. Evolutionary explanations add to this
account, but cannot by themselves differentiate disorder from non-disorder.
Ethical questions include the question of whether psychiatric disorders should be
treated, whether such disorders should be treated with psychotropics, and whether
psychotropics should be used to enhance. The cognitive-affective sciences support the
treatment of typical disorders. In more atypical cases, pharmacotherapy, psychotherapy,
and non-medical interventions should be considered on an individual basis. As
technologies expand, considerations about the value of accepting fate versus the value of
attempting to improve life by a range of methods, will need to be weighed carefully.
In summary, this dissertation puts forward a philosophy of psychopharmacology
which argues that psychiatry practice can be viewed, naturalistically, as based on the
natural and human sciences. At the same time, good psychiatric practice involves an engagement with the complex realities of the human condition, including a consideration
of individuals’ suffering. Good psychopharmacological practice requires integrating the
objective and the subjective, considering both explanation and understanding, and
providing a balanced view of the good and bad of psychotropics that avoids both
unrealistic optimism and undue pessimism. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die gebruik van psigiatriese medikasie maak belangrike deel uit van moderne
mediese en psigiatriese praktyk. Psigofarmakologie bring wye reeks filosofiese
kwessies ter sprake, met inbegrip van metafisiese, epistemologiese, en morele vrae.
Hierdie proefskrif poog om konseptuele raamwerk te verskaf ten einde verskeie van
hierdie vrae die hoof te bied, en na die formulering van konseptuele basis vir psigiatrie
in die algemeen en kliniese psigofarmakologie in die besonder om te sien.
Die proefskrif begin deur twee algemene benaderings ten opsigte van reeks vrae
in die filosofie van wetenskap, taal en geneeskunde te kontrasteer. Klassieke posisie
huldig essensialistiese en objektiewe siening van kategorieë, terwyl kritiese posisie
klem daarop lê dat kategorieë dikwels metafories en subjektief is. Sintetiese of
geïntegreerde posisie is dalk moontlik, met radiale kategorieë wat dikwels op metaforiese
uitbreidings van konsepte op basiese vlak sensorimotor-affektiewe ervaring gebaseer
word, en in die bewussyn-brein en in sosiale gebruike vergestalt word.
Eerder as om te probeer om geïntegreerde posisie in suiwer konseptuele terme
te verdedig, steun die proefskrif hierdie siening van kategorieë met behulp van data uit
die kognitiewe-affektiewe wetenskappe. Belangrike kategorie vir die filosofie van
geneeskunde is steuring, en die proefskrif voer aan dat sekere universele oorwegings ’n
verklaring bied vir ooreenstemming ten opsigte van prototipiese steurings. Uitbreidings
van die steuring metafoor is teoriegedrewe en waardebelaai, en alhoewel daar
waarskynlik meningsverskil omtrent atipiese toestande kan voorkom, is redelike
bespreking haalbaar. Die proefskrif neem dan verskeie konseptuele vrae in aanmerking, naamlik die
aard van psigotropika, van emosie, en van die self. In elke geval word klassieke
posisie wat essensialistiese definisie aandurf, gekontrasteer met kritiese posisie wat
beklemtoon dat hierdie konstrukte sosiaal gekonstrueer en besonder subjektief is.
Kognitiewe-affektiewe data word dan aangewend om integratiewe posisie te handhaaf
wat die vergestalting van komplekse bewussyn-brein fenomene in die bewyssyn-brein en
in sosiale praktyke beklemtoon.
Verklarende vrae het aandag geskenk aan die beste wyse om farmakoterapie en
psigoterapie te verklaar, aan die wyse waarop placebo-reaksies verklaar kan word, en aan
die rol van proksimale en evolusionêre verklarings. Daar word aangevoer dat
funksionalistiese verklaring nie daarin slaag om psigofarmakologiese verskynsels, met
inbegrip van farmakoterapie en placebo-effekte, te verklaar nie. In plaas daarvan word
verklaring wat beklemtoon hoe psigobiologiese meganisme komplekse fenomene kan laat
ontstaan, benodig. Evolusionêre verklarings dra tot hierdie verklaring by, maar kan nie
op sigself steuring van niesteuring onderskei nie.
Etiese vrae sluit die vraag in of psigiatriese steurings behandel moet word, of
sodanige steurings met psigotropika behandel moet word, en of psigotropika gebruik
moet word om te verhoog. Die kognitief-affektiewe wetenskappe ondersteun die
behandeling van tipiese steuringe. In meer atipiese gevalle moet farmakoterapie,
psigoterapie, en nie-mediese intervensies op individuele basis oorweeg word.
Algaande tegnologieë uitbrei, moet ons oorwegings van die waarde van lotsaanvaarding
sowel as die waarde van ’n poging om ’n mens se lewe te verbeter, versigtig in ag neem. Ter opsomming, hierdie proefskrif stel filosofie van psigofarmakologie voor
wat aanvoer dat psigiatriese praktyk naturalisties verstaan kan word, soos gebaseer op die
natuur- en geesteswetenskappe. Terselfdetyd, behels goeie psigofarmakologiese praktyk
‘n verwantskap met die komplekse werklikhede van die menslike kondisie. Dit vereis ‘n
omvattende oorweeging van en omgang met individuele pasiënte se lyding. Goeie
psigofarmakologiese praktyk integreer die “objektiewe” en die “subjektiewe” aspekte van
die menslike bestaan, streef na sowel verklaring en verstaan, verskaf ‘n gebalanseerde
perspektief oor die goed en die sleg van psigiatriese medikasies, en middel tussen
onrealistiese optimisme en buitensporige pessimisme.
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