The advancement of technological innovations and global reforms for improving early warning systems as a key risk-reduction principle is transforming modern practices in risk communication. However, in the global context, this transformation varies greatly among regions, especially in less-resourced areas. The result is uneven preparedness that leads to unnecessary and major losses of life and infrastructure and property damage. How well governments in less-resourced regions are adequately prepared to achieve this technological and global homogenization is the vital question. Communication research on media innovations lacks examination of how well integrated disaster warning services are performing as critical components of public service. This dissertation takes these observations as its starting point and seeks to elaborate differential elements of governance that may influence capabilities of public agencies’ function in the communication of disaster warnings. One goal of this research is to fill the gap in disaster and communication scholarship and study the characteristic elements and uses of innovation by examining the accompanying challenges in less developed regions. Applying the concepts of governance and public service in studying disaster warning undermines the traditional bias that the challenges inherent in risk and crisis communication are primarily organizational. The other more important purpose is to offer specific insights in three principal areas of innovations in the communication of warnings by: (a) understanding the dynamics of how media innovations occur in disaster communication practices; (b) elaborating the factors that promote or inhibit the development of such innovations; and (c) generating theoretical and practical propositions for improvements in public service delivery of disaster warnings through innovations. In the process of achieving these goals, a more specific understanding of the warning communication process among the various organizational units of public service systems in disaster management of the region studied was achieved. In this study, theoretical and methodological decisions were made on the basis of the central proposition guiding this evaluation: the communication of disaster warnings is a public service. Although global governance actors guide risk-reduction policy initiatives, they are enacted at the national and sub-national levels. The study explores the dissemination system of disaster warning in Pakistan, and Sindh. Its southern province is examined as a sub-national level and as a less-resourced, disaster-prone region. The insights from this case study can be applied to guide evaluative research further for similar regions where limited resources and capabilities to innovate warning systems exacerbate the situation and result in a substantial increase in losses. This study used a sequential mixed method evaluative research design. Initial findings were analyzed and integrated for holistic representation of findings. The study draws conclusions from two key aspects in the uses and adoption of media innovation development in public service. The first is the variant approaches to innovations across each level of government. It found that, at the policy level, and considering the limited capabilities vis-à-vis the scope of transformation, the approach to innovation development is transitional. In view of the extent of discretionary authority and available support at the managerial level, the approach to adopting new technology is driven by each disaster experience. Depending on the expertise and resources available within the context of local agencies and communities, a hybrid form of innovation development is approached at the operational level that utilizes technology in the communication of warnings. Secondly, the aspect of a more balanced and unified policy design and the implementation of innovations. The study found that a risk-based and audience segmented approach in nationally defined policy imperative guides the transition from linear to a non-linear, or non-hierarchical, communication system; from traditional to networked communication modes; and from traditional (one-way) to advanced (two-way/interactive) communication tools in the communication of warnings. The study found that the policy and planning measures as well as managerial decision-making for innovation is geared only towards those risks that occur frequently in the region, such as floods and cyclones. For other risks, the managerial decision-makers develop new protocols and strategies to utilize new media and technology tools only when the risk is manifested and damages occur, such as the heat hazard in summer 2015. Importantly, the study observed that for emergency managers at the local district level, besides floods, and cyclones, the emerging risks also include civil conflicts, terrorist attacks, and other extreme natural hazards such as droughts, heat hazards, and flash floods for which no planning or new practices have been developed by the provincial authorities. The study observed three major factors that affect both the approaches to develop an innovation and the kind of change it brings to the system. These are: cost, climate change, and contextual factors. The important implications of these findings suggest that while various cost variables and climate changes affect policy, plans, and subsequent practices adversely, the constantly advancing media and technological context of the region offers great opportunities to adopt potential media innovations for effective service delivery of disaster warnings. The study also observed that role of both global and sub-national level actors in governance is significant in characterizing policy design and implementing specific plans for innovation in a warning system. While global actors have a key role in defining specific policy design and initiatives, regional actors at the sub-national level play a fundamental role in implementing plans. Given the meta-inferences, this dissertation proposes a scarcity-abundance framework as an extension of innovation scholarship in less-resourced regions for more even adoption of media innovation. It contends that context variables that characterize “abundance” can address the challenge of scarcity. The expanding outreach of media and telecommunication based industries in the region offer possibilities for government sector to counter the limitations towards successful innovations. For practical implications, policy adaptation to constantly changing media, climate-change, and technology for the viable adoption of media innovation can bridge the current gaps in innovation adoption. / A Dissertation submitted to the School of Communication in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. / Summer Semester 2016. / May 10, 2016. / Disasters, disaster warnings, evaluative research, innovation in governance, media innovation, public service innovation / Includes bibliographical references. / Stephen D. McDowell, Professor Directing Dissertation; Ralph Brower, University Representative; Jay Rayburn, Committee Member; Mia Liza A. Lustria, Committee Member.

Charter and cyber charter schools were legislatively permitted to operate as publicly funded educational institutions in Pennsylvania with the passage of Act 22 of 1997. Examining the tuition payments from traditional school districts funding charter schools and resulting economic, operational, and programmatic impacts on traditional K-12 education was the purpose of this study. Conflict theory provided the theoretical framework which proposes that inequity and competition for limited resources is the result of powerful groups exerting their influence on the greater society. This study's research questions focused on determining the impact tuition payments to charter schools had on public K-12 student achievement, economic, and operational decisions. This study utilized a mixed method data collection design on the perceptions and experiences of K-12 school district superintendents and secondary building principals in 45 school districts within a 3-county region in Pennsylvania. The qualitative interviews were analyzed for credibility, transferability, dependability, and objectivity. The quantitative surveys were analyzed for mean, median, mode, range, variance, and standard deviation. The findings of this research study affirmed conflict theory and resulting economic, operational, and programmatic impacts on public K-12 education. Positive social change implications of this study include recommendations that Pennsylvania's legislature undertake an evaluation and reassessment into the long-term funding equity and sustainability of charter schools and public K-12 education.

This thesis explores the legitimacy of the academic field of public administration and the subield of public budgeting. The intellectual foundations for each, established largely by the early writings of Woodrow Wilson, are analyzed in order to better understand the ways Wilson influenced and impaired the development of theory and practice of public budgeting at the federal level of American government. The thesis is divided into three parts. The first segment addresses the theoretical frameworks and research methods used throughout. The second segment discusses the impact of Wilson on the founding, growth, and development of public budget theory and practice within the academic institutions of public administration and budgeting. The final segment provides findings and recommendations based on the research. An opportunity emerges for scholars willing to reconsider popular institutional beliefs regarding the legislative and executive branches’ roles when budgeting at the federal level of government.

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Governments provide resources that enable people and neighborhoods to return to normalcy after emergencies, which enhances community resilience. Past research found that such resources are not always equitably utilized by communities, where oftentimes communities with high social vulnerability receive fewer resources. COVID-19 was one of the largest and most widespread public health emergencies. In response to the emergency, the United States (U.S.) government sponsored the creation and administration of COVID-19 vaccines. COVID-19 vaccines reduce the probability of severe illness and death, making them an important resource for community resilience. This study uses an explanatory sequential mixed methods research design to examine three research questions related to social equity in vaccine administration: (1) What is the relationship between community social vulnerability and COVID-19 vaccine administration?; (2) Did individuals trying to access the COVID-19 vaccine encounter administrative burdens?; and (3) How do the administrative burdens experienced by individuals when trying to access the COVID-19 vaccine provide a better understanding of the relationship between social vulnerability and COVID-19 vaccine administration? County level data for all U.S. counties were analyzed to examine the first research question. Findings indicate that there was an association between counties with higher wealth-related social vulnerability and lower county vaccination rates, but counties with higher employment-related and ethnicity-related social vulnerability were associated with higher vaccination rates. Qualitative interview data from 31 individuals revealed that few individuals faced administrative burdens when trying to access the COVID-19 vaccines, but a variety of resources and support services were used to access the vaccines. However, not everyone had equal access to resources, as individuals indicated that resources required wealth for access, and many resources were provided by employers. In addition, results revealed that ethnicity often presented psychological barriers to getting vaccinated. These results suggest that the resources invested in vaccination efforts materialized for some, but not all types of vulnerability. Emergency managers and policymakers should consider these results when providing resources meant to enhance community resilience following future emergencies and crises.

Health and well-being are key focuses for international organizations and governments around the world as one of the United Nations' (UN) Sustainable Developmental Goals (SDGs). The emergence of COVID-19 pandemic since late 2019 has led to not only substantial life losses, but also negative social and economic impacts that are relatively comparable to the "Spanish Flu" pandemic. The insights from public administration literature suggested that emergency and crisis management require collaborative efforts from various stakeholders across sectors and levels. However, the existing literature that studied the COVID-19 pandemic response under network perspective is still scarce in developing countries, especially in Thailand in particular. Understanding the structures of the COVID-19 pandemic response networks and their effectiveness can provide insights for not only scholarly theoretical development, but also lessons learned for practitioners in developing future pandemic response system. The current study builds upon the network governance literature by providing multiple case studies of Thailand's provincial COVID-19 pandemic response networks. Specifically, it is aimed to explore the characteristics of the network structures in COVID-19 pandemic response networks in Samut Sakhon province, and the relationship between network structures and network effectiveness of this initiative. Furthermore, the current study is also aimed at comparing the network structures and network effectiveness between different geographical-administrative structures, as well as between different policy processes, to examine the influence of the regional administration and the local municipality administration on the provincial COVID-19 pandemic response networks in Thailand. This study applies a Multi-Theory, Multi-Level Network Governance (MTML) framework as key conceptual framework for studying Thailand's provincial COVID-19 pandemic response networks. It adopts a comparative multiple-case case studies research design with the purposive sampling and snowball sampling strategies. The semi-closed-ended roster of the organization list and interviews were used for social network data collection. Descriptive social network statistics, network visualization, and MR-QAP regression are key data analyses methods for this study. The descriptive findings suggest that Thailand's provincial COVID-19 response networks in Samut Sakhon province demonstrate the centralized network structures that the provincial administration actors and the district administration actors are the key policy actors in several network relationships in all districts and at the provincial level. The explanatory analyses suggest that policy institutional rules networks and the actual policy ties are key predictors for the resources allocation networks in all districts and the provincial networks, whereas there is no consensus for network characteristics as predictors for perceived network effectiveness. Study's theoretical contributions, its limitations, and implications for research and practice are also discussed.

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This study examined the relationship between a college and its local government organizations in a community that engaged in property tax or voluntary contribution deliberations with nonprofit organizations to determine the extent to which these interactions altered the preceding town-gown relationship. Interorganizational relationship theory and social interaction theory provided a theoretical framework for data collection while cooperative interorganizational relationship (CIOR) theory was utilized in describing the findings.;A qualitative, single, embedded, descriptive case study was employed to investigate the town-gown relationship between Mercyhurst College and the City, County and Public School District of Erie, Pennsylvania to determine if and how the historical town-gown association was altered by a voluntary contribution request. The research findings reveal that the town-gown relationship between Mercyhurst College and its local government organizations was altered; instead of worsening the relationship, however, as the literature suggested, the relationship between the organizations was strengthened as a result of the deliberations.;Critical to the development of this relationship was a single individual, Dr. William Garvey, who not only showed a willingness to engage in a more cooperative relationship with the local government organizations, but also displayed the leadership qualities and personal characteristics necessary to establish and nurture an environment for the relationship to develop and evolve. First, he established Mercyhurst's reputation for cooperation in the Erie community by building a personal reputation for cooperation through his involvement in civic and political affairs. Second, he conveyed a willingness to engage in a more cooperative relationship with local government by actively utilizing college resources to meet government needs. Finally, he served as champion for the relationship for both town and gown, and created an environment that sustained cooperation as a result of his status as a community leader, interpersonal relationships with government officials and charismatic leadership style.