<p>Recognizing the need for companies and organizations to retain employees, one of the topics given very little attention in the research is non-attendance in face-to-face training. This study presents findings from the analysis of archival data from a 2013 employee education survey. Exploratory factor analyses were conducted on two sets of data exploring barriers to participation in employee-development education classes. Extrinsic factors were identified as &lsquo;more important things take priority&rsquo; and &lsquo;circumstances beyond the employee&rsquo;s control&rsquo;. Intrinsic factors were identified as &lsquo;personal motivation challenges&rsquo;. These factors emerged as potential reasons for non-participation or no-show behavior in employee education courses. Possible explanations for the results are discussed and recommendations for future research are presented. </p>

<p>Media framing analysis has developed in theory and application as a subset of political communication theory for the past several decades. Recent efforts among its scholars have sought to identify and create generalizable frames that can be applied across numerous social and political issues for the purposes of further examining the impact media coverage has on public opinion and policy development. This study utilizes previously established frames to examine media coverage of military spouse employment over the past twenty years, in order to better identify what role media coverage has played in the development of employment policy and support programs for military spouses. </p>

No description available.

No description available.

My internship experience at the Arizona State Employment Service can basically be divided into two parts. The first part, at the Tucson Metro Office, provided me the opportunity of observing and participating in the basic functions of the traditional Employment Service: employment interviewing and job placement. While at the Tucson Metro Office, I was also able to participate in the organizational and administrative planning and initial execution of the Summer Jobs for Youth Program. This program gave me insight into the basic administrative or management problem of attempting to maximize effectiveness while working within the constraints of severely limited resources. The second part of my internship consisted of three and one- half weeks at the Employment Opportunity Center. This experience gave me an exposure into what has become the new direction and emphasis of the Employment Service: providing employability development services for the disadvantaged. The team approach was developed as a means of providing the support and the variety of services that the disadvantaged needs to overcome his problems. While at the E.O.C. I also had the opportunity to attend management level conferences with other manpower agencies. These conferences were basically an attempt to eliminate the duplication of services by similar governmental agencies. This impressed upon me the absolute necessity of agency coordination, but I soon found out that this was difficult to achieve because of the many different manpower programs designed for specialized interest groups. Competition among the interest groups thus developed and impeded coordination.

The internship experience with.the Phoenix Parks and Recreation Department provided opportunities to observe administrative and supervisory techniques, practice and observe leadership responsibilities, and examine written material relating to policies, procedures, and planning. Administrative and supervisory techniques were observed at meetings held by the parks and recreation superintendent, the recreation superintendent, and section supervisors. In addition, each of these persons, and others, were interviewed regarding their personal views on administration and supervision. Two weeks were spent in a leadership role with the department's recreation program for retarded children. Both individual and group leadership was practiced. Leadership in action was observed by visiting many recreation programs at parks and schools. Leadership problems were discussed with several of the recreation division's staff. A large part of the last two weeks of the internship was spent examining records and files at the parks and recreation department's offices in the city hall. Particular attention was paid to the financial operations of the department, personnel procedures, and long range planning. When the internship was over and the material for the diary compiled, twenty-nine criteria for a successful municipal recreation program were selected from a textbook and compared to the author’s opinion of how well the parks and recreation department met the criteria.

This Diary has been written in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a Master’s Degree in Public Administration, with public recreation being the selected major field. The internship experience was done with the City of Phoenix Parks and Recreation Department from June 6, 1967 to August 18, 19&7. Orientation to the department’s organization structure was of primary importance during the first weeks of the program. This required obtaining a degree of familiarity with all aspects of the department's operations, and a general knowledge of the personnel relations within the structure. Specific knowledge pertaining to recreation skills and training was used while participating in a special project assigned by the department. Also, in working with highly qualified staff personnel, this project afforded an opportunity to acquire many new recreation skills. Keeping a daily accounting of time during the internship permitted the inclusion of many significant experiences which might otherwise have been omitted. Finally, an integration, of the theory and practices experienced during formal education with those of actual practice must be completed to result in a full realization of the total educational experience.

Thesis (MPA) -- Stellenbosch University, 1993. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The history and development of civil protection in South Africa, as well as in seven world states, appear to have common characteristics. The phenomenon civil protection and the authoritive allocation of protection values can be categorised in three models. The traditional model depicts the allocation of protection values based on inheritance from generation to generation. The command approach refers to the allocation and exercising of protection values in accordance with authoritative and dictatorial government powers. The market model of civil protection refers to the free market mechanism within which the demand and supply of protection values will determine the nature and extent of civil protection measures. The origin and development of civil protection world wide can be traced back from the earliest times, i.e. from the family grouping through feudalism, mercantalism and city states up to the contemporary representative government systems. The general theory of civil protection, based on the semantics and genetics of civil protection, identifies the authoritive allocation of protection values in accordance with five perspectives viz; (a) the historic traditional perspective based on the evolutionary development of protection skills handed down from generation to generation; (b) the war perspective with threats against civilians, in times of war, being the motivation for civil protection; (c) the disaster- and emergency situation perspective with man- and natural caused threats being the motivation for civil protection; (d) the generic perspective with logic in accordance with semantics and genetics being the motivation for understanding civil protection; and (e) the human need perspective with deprivation of human need satisfaction giving rise to civil protection. In South Africa civil protection can be described in relation to informal civil protection based on resistance movements, to the left of the government-of-the-day political spectrum as well as to the right of the government-of-the-day political spectrum. Due to the early stage of existence, research on right wing resistance can only be superfluous. Nongovernmental organisations represent the second formation of informal civil protection. South African civil protection based on legislation in the form of political acts as well as executive legislation, formulated by the burocracy, the so-called regime, represents the third formation of civil protection viz. formal civil protection. The efficiency of civil protection in South Africa is a bone of contemporary contention due to present day unrest- and natural contingencies that threatens civilians. Theoretical principles of efficiency, based on five approaches in determining organisation efficiency can be compared to the status of civil protection in South Africa, by way of an introspection and problem statement in order to evaluate the performance of civil protection. An eclectic approach based on the five approaches mentioned, is an appropriate method of evaluating organisational efficiency. The efficiency of the resistance- and non-governmental civil protection formations in South Africa seems to be adequate for continued existence within the South African protection environment. The formal formation of civil protection seems to have an inadequate standard of organisational efficiency. A normative future perspective is therefore essential. The generic all encompassing nature of civil protection as phenomenon should be confirmed, along with the prerogative of non-governmental organisations and resistance movements to be acknowledged as civil protection formations. Formal civil protection in South Africa encompasses the entire governmental sector with all its branches and within all levels of hierarchy. The establishment of a Corporate Civil Protection Support and Management Prooramme, as a facilitating staff function for the protection of civilians, is recommended in order to alleviate the present standard of formal civil protection inefficiency and in eliminating malperceptions on civil protection. The Corporate Management Programme, should eliminate the fragmentations, duplications and encroachments currently existing within formal civil protection in South Africa. Contributions to the efficiency of civil protection can also be realised. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Burgerlike beskerming openbaar wêreldwyd bepaalde geskiedkundige en ontstaanskenmerke. Beskermingswaardes word gesaghebbend toegewys volgens drie benaderings oftewel toewysingsmodelle. Die tradisionele model, verwys na die toewysing van beskermingswaardes kragtens oorerwing van geslag tot geslag. Die bevelsbenadering verwys na die toewysing en uitoefening van beskermingswaardes kragtens outoritêre en diktatoriale regeringsmag. Die markmodel van burgerlike beskerming verwys na die vryemarkmeganisme waar die vraag en aanbod na beskermingswaardes sal bepaal wat die omvang van burgerlike beskermingsmaatreëls sal wees. Die ontstaan en geskiedenis van burgerlike beskerming wêreldwyd dateer sedert die vroegste tye vanaf die familiegroepering deur die feudalisme, merkantilisme en stadstate tot die hedendaagse verteenwoordigende regeringstelsel. Die algemene teorie van burgerlike beskerming, aan die hand van die betekenis van die term en kragtens die genetiek en semantiek, bevestig vyf perspektiewe as verklaring vir die bestaan van burgerlike beskerming, naamlik: (a) die kultuur-historiese perspektief met evolusie van tradisionele beskermingsgebruike as verklaring; (b) die oorlogsperspektief stel oorlogsbedreigings teen die burgerlike as verklaring; (c) die ramp- en noodbestuursperspektief, stel ramp- en noodtoestand bedreigings as verklaring; (d) die behoefte bevredigingsperspektief, stel ontneming van die menslike reg tot behoeftebevrediging as verklaring: en (e) die generiese perspektlef stel logika kragtens die semantiek en genetiek as verklaring. In Suid-Afrika word weerstand informele burgerlike beskerming bedryf deur weerstandsbewegings, oftewel bevrydingsbewegings links van die regering-van-die-dag politieke spektrum, sowel as regs van die regering-van-die-dag politieke spektrum. Nie-owerheid organisasies as 'n vergestalting van nie-owerheid informele burgerlike beskerming word vry algemeen aangetref as die tweede informele vergestalting en word bedryf deur die privaatsektor as sake-ondernemings, welsynsorganisasies en gemeenskapsgroeperings soos sosiale klubs. Formele burgerlike beskerming aan die hand van afgekondigde politieke- sowel as uitvoerende wetgewing, aan die hand van die burokrasie, die sogenaamde regime, verteenwoordig die derde vergestalting van burgerlike beskerming wat ook vry algerneen in Suid-Afrika aangetref word. Die effektiwiteit van burgerlike beskerming in Suid-Afrika het in die jongste tye 'n knellende vraagstuk geword vanwee toenemende bedreiging teen burgerlikes. Die teoretiese grondslag van die betekenis van effektiwiteit asook benaderings tot organisasie-effektiwiteit kan, indien met oorleg toegepas, 'n geldige aanduiding wees van burgerlike beskerming effektiwiteit. Formele burgerlike beskerming in Suid-Afrika, toon 'n kommerenswaardige standaard van effektiwiteit aan die hand van 'n introspeksie en probleemstelling. Daar· teenoor toon die twee informele vergestaltings 'n toereikende effektiwiteitstandaard ten einde voortgesette funksionering te regverdig. Die normatiewe toekoms van burgerlike beskerming in Suid-Afrika, kragtens aard en omvang, behoort normatief opgeklaar te word ten einde die persepsiologiese dwalings en verwarrings op te klaar. Die generies-omvattende aard van burgerlike beskerming as verskynsel en die bestaansreg van nie-owerheid organisasies en weerstandsbewegings as informele burgerlike beskermingsvergestaltings behoort amptelik erken te word as deelhouers van burgerlike beskerming. Die normatiewe vooruitskouing van formele burgerlike beskerming daarenteen is 'n aangeleentheid wat indringende en regstellende maatreëls verg. Formele burgerlike beskerming in Suid-Afrika behels die geheel owerheidsektor in sy vele vertakkinge en hierargiese vlakke. Die vestiging van 'n Korporatiewe Burgerlike Beskerming Ondersteunende Bestuursprogram as fasiliterende staffunksie vir die beskerming van burgerlikes is 'n tydgenootlike vernuwing wat ernstige oorweging behoort te geniet. Die vestiging van sodanige Korporatiewe Bestuursprogram word as opklaring vir die Suid-Afrikaanse formele burgerlike beskermingsprobleem voorgehou. Die vestiging en bedryf van die Korporatiewe Bestuursprogram verg dat daar 'n geintegreerde korporatiewe en gekoordineerde program tot stand gebring behoort te word wat bestaande fragmenterings, dupliserings en oorvleuelings van formele burgerlike beskerming in Suid-Afrika behoort uit te skakel en ook die effektiewe beskerming van burgerlikes in Suid-Afrika behoort te realiseer.

<p>This case study explored the use of Labor Management Partnerships in the government sector through the Partnership to Achieve Comprehensive Equity (PACE), a partnership between Metro, a division of King County government and Amalgamated Transit Union, Local 587 (ATU). The study examined the partnership&rsquo;s influence on organizational outcomes and the manner in which the partnership functioned and sustained itself, as well as the challenges and obstacles that threatened both the partnership and outcomes. Two key findings emerged from this study. First, partnerships are supported by flexible structures and practices that foster relationship-building through dialogue and co-learning. Second, partnerships must confront contextual challenges, such as changes in leadership and organizational resistance that threaten their viability. As this case study illustrates, it is the community&rsquo;s ability to establish strong and dynamic relationships that ensures members are respected, empowered, and engaged in the partnership&rsquo;s outcomes. </p>

<p> Over the past two decades, development assistance for health and government health expenditure have both increased substantially. Despite the rise in public attention and funding levels internationally, there has been little empirical exploration of budgetary trends in global health funding. Through the use of public budgeting and finance theories, these three studies in aim to increase understanding of the flow of health funds between and within donor and recipient countries through time. Application of Punctuated Equilibrium Theory (PET) to multiple datasets of national health financing data illustrates a leptokurtic distribution for both own domestic health (government health expenditure) and other health (development assistance for health) spending. The distribution of change in government health expenditure by 15 OECD donor countries was found to be less punctuated that their development assistance for health to developing countries from 1990-2012, suggesting smoother, more constant pressures for &ldquo;own health&rdquo; spending versus spending for global health. Comparison of country-level annual changes in government spending on domestic health for 145 countries between 1995 and 2012 illustrated that overall, and when grouped by income, the distributions of countries&rsquo; pooled annual changes in government health spending were leptokurtic. There was a greater departure from the normal distribution as country income decreased across the highest and two lowest income groups, and the proportion of annual changes that were positive decreased. However, the high-income non-OECD and upper-middle income groups diverged from this trend in interesting ways. Empirical exploration of the changing organizational composition of the field through the lens of population ecology provides greater context for the funding trends in global health with a particular focus on the emergence of public private partnerships. Application of the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI) found a decrease in concentration in the organizational field of global health between 1990 and 2000, followed by stability in the field despite the introduction of a new organizational form. Over this period, there were increases in &lsquo;market&rsquo; shares for non-profit organizations and PPPs within the global health organizational population. The grant making-behavior directed through PPPs by a significant US bilateral agency was explored to identify patterns in decision-making related to PPP lifespan, disease focus, program type, regional focus, implementing partner categories and financial commitment, as well as recession impact. The limited empirical research concerning actors in global health funding emphasizes the need for further exploration of this phenomenon.</p>