Thesis--Columbia University. / Issued also without thesis statement. Vita. Includes bibliographical references.

Diss.--Zürich. / Includes bibliographical references.

A recurring demand in the field of public assistance is the request that recipients should be expected to work for their allowances. A project based on this principle was operated by a municipality in the Lower Fraser Valley during the winter of 1961-62. This study attempts to evaluate the results achieved. The historical background of work-for-relief has been reviewed -particularly the experience of the United States and Canada. It is usually found that attempts to meet unemployment with a policy of work-relief are soon abandoned because available funds are quickly exhausted and it is never possible to provide work for all who apply for it. Direct relief is resorted to because it is less costly. When large numbers of persons become dependent upon public assistance the belief persists that many do so because they are unwilling to work. Policies are subsequently advocated which urge that recipients should be put to work to earn their allowances. Experience during the depression of the thirties indicated that, in fact, people wanted nothing so much as a job. The project under study was based on the assumption that the persons assigned were "chronic recipients of social assistance". The project operated from November, 1961 to May, 1962. A study carried out in the following August, 1962 indicated that anumber had not returned to social assistance rolls by that date. The inference was made that their work-for-relief assignment had contributed to a lessening of dependency. This study suggests that the lessening of dependency had actually begun five months prior to the operation of the project and was probably due to improved economic conditions. It was suggested that the primary causes of dependency were poor physical and mental health as well as adverse employment conditions. The study emphasized the need for adequately trained professional personnel in administering public assistance. / Arts, Faculty of / Social Work, School of / Graduate

Bibliography: pages 256-273. / The thesis has two objectives: First to establish what has happened to employment by the State and the causes behind changes. And second to establish the role the State has adopted as a labour market operator for white labour and the effects of this role. The work is divided into three parts: PART I: This establishes some of the economic foundations of the factors affecting State employment. The factors which affect total demand for State employment are those factors which determine the total demand and supply of public output. There are four interested parties who are affected by the supply of public output: Consumers who demand public output through voting and non-voting pressure; the government which designs public output to suit the median voter and to some extent overcomes the political uncertainty problem through the implementation of ideology; producers who affect public output through non-voting pressures; and the bureaucracy which produces public output under the criteria of: (i) when a pure public good is produced this is to the full extent of the bureau budget without regard for average and marginal cost conditions and (ii) in the production of a pure private good the bureau produces efficiency only if the trading surplus accrues to the bureau. PART II: This presents the collected data and discusses problems encountered in the establishment of the data. Employment is presented by race for the various sectors of the State (for example the Central Authorities or the Railways) and for the various types of activity undertaken by the State (for example the provision of Economic Services or Educational Services). PART III: This tackles the two objectives of the work and emerges with four findings. The most surprising result of the study was while State employment has grown, the growth in black employment was proportionately far greater than the growth in white employment. This growth is largely centred on the growth of black bureaucrats and teaching services in the employ of the Central Authorities in the 1950s and Homeland governments since the 1960s. Second, State employment by activity shows the interesting result that half of all State employment is involved in providing economic services. In 1980, education employment ranked as the second most important type of employment having constituted twenty per cent of State employment. Third, the State views its role as a white labour market operator as that of an 'employer of last resort' for white labour which it achieves by means of always having posts vacant for whites, especially at lower skilled white positions. The results of this are first, to set a minimum wage for whites and second, is likely to cause the State to operate inefficiently. Fourth, it appears that certain sectors of the State were constrained by fixed factor proportions. In the public service, the Railways and the Provincial Administrations, the ratio of black to white employed rarely exceeded 1:1 until very recently. The effect of this has been to limit the growth in employment of some of the sectors as a result of the State's difficulties in attracting white labour.

No description available.

A project report submitted to the Faculty of Engineering, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Engineering. Johannesburg 1998. / Various studies have been done to show that labour-based construction can meet the high standards normally required in the construction of roads. The organisational requirements that were needed to ensure the efficient use of labour have also been dealt with in various studies. Tile need for alleviation of poverty, unemployment and the negative social impact thereof by increasing the labour input in construction is understood by all concerned. A further step is however necessary before the idea of increasing the . labour component in any kind of roadwork can be taken seriously. Engineers need to move forward from the policy and organisational issues associated with labour intensive construction and start to provide designers with sound and innovative engineering solutions to overcome the hurdles experienced on the ground. The study looks at the process of foam bitumen stabilisation of soils and gravels with a view of utilising this innovative method for labour intensive construction. The material after having been stabilised can be placed in a stockpile. Actual durations that the material can safely remain in stockpile have been determined in this study to be in excess of six months for recycled asphalt and in excess of four months for the foam stabilised sand. Foam stabilised gravel was also studied and showed that after a year in stockpile the material failed probably due to a weakening of the bitumen and aggregate bond. Covering the stockpiled material did not show any significant difference to that of a similar uncovered stockpile. The position within the stockpile also did not have much effect on the engineering properties of the stoc piled material. The fact that the foam stabilised material can be worked on when cold and that it can be stockpiled for several months implies that the material is labour friendly and can be used in labour intensive construction of road base course layers or wearing course layers. / AC2017

A project report submitted to the Faculty of Engineering, University of the Witwatersrand in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Engineering. / Until recently use of ionic chemical soil stabilisers seemed hit or miss. The paper by paige-Green and Bennett explains that the stabilisers work only on soils containing reactive clays. The author's findings confirm this conclusion. It was shown that a CBR test, which can be done in any road soils laboratory, can be used to measure the chanqe in strength caused by the treatment of the soil with a chosen ionic stabiliser. South Africa is faced with a serious unemployment problem. The World Bank and the International Labour Organisation have shown that employment in construction can be significantly increased by the use of labour instead of machinery. Field trials showed that ionic stabilisers can readily be applied labour intensively. These stabilisers could improve marginal materials to road-building standard and this could further reduce the dependence on machinery by reducing the need to transport quantities of high quality gravel. / Andrew Chakane 2019

In 1989, the Executive Yuan started to downsize the organization of government. But the international economical depression cause jobless in Taiwan, and the government decided to expand the multiple employment promotion project, provide more job vacancy, match the jobless labors and the public service. It is the public service employment expansion program. Public service contract out and atypical employment in business are on the same purpose, the efficiency purpose and the economical purpose, and it's the purpose on the management position. But the public service employment expansion program, observably on labor position, is on the purpose to provide enough job vacancy. And that's the tie. This research observed how the public-service workers works in Center of Disease Control in Kaohsiung City (KCDC). On public service purepose, the program did make it more efficiency in KCDC. But in labor's view, however, the program just provided immediate job vacancy, and nothing more than that.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1969. / Typescript. Vita. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical essay.

The passage of the Unemployment Assistance Act in July, 1956 represented a significant break with the traditional approach to public assistance in Canada for it brought Dominion government participation into a field always regarded as the exclusive responsibility of the provinces. This study has been undertaken to consider its implications for Social Security in Canada, including the effects of the Act on existing provincial programs. The method of study has been both historical and analytical. In order to identify the political and social factors which lead to this radical change in attitude on the part of the Dominion, Parliamentary debates have been reviewed and the proceedings of Dominion-Provincial conferences studied. In addition, such reports as that of the Royal Commission on Dominion-Provincial Relations, the National Employment Commission and the various publications of the Canadian Welfare Council were useful sources of information. A study of the legislation itself was essential to analyze its effects on provincial programs and this was done in conjunction with a review of provincial legislation pertinent to the subject. A definitive evaluation of the legislation is limited by the fact that it is of such recent origin that there has been little time to study its total effect. Furthermore, an amendment to the Act which took effect on January 1, 1958 broadened the terms of the legislation to extend the degree of participation by the Dominion. Significant points which do emerge however, are; (a) Those provinces which have developed high standards in their public assistance programs are the principal beneficiaries under the legislation, (b) Those provinces which have relied heavily on Mothers' Allowances to meet the needs of a large segment of dependent persons are at a serious financial disadvantage, (c) The application of the Act is uneven among the provinces because of the wide variations in services offered. An important element in the legislation is the abolition of residence regulations between the participating provinces, a step which may bring an end to one of the most vexing problems in public welfare administration. / Arts, Faculty of / Social Work, School of / Graduate