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Public housing authorities (PHAs) have enforced banishment since the late 1980s by granting police the authority to ban non-residents from public housing neighborhoods and arresting them for trespassing upon violating the ban. PHAs justify banishment by stating that issuing bans and arrests for trespassing aid in crime prevention by removing non-residents who may commit criminal acts if left unguarded. Nonetheless, there has been no scientific evidence to suggest that banishment works to reduce crime. Similarly, the role community policing can play in enforcing banishment is unclear and scarce research has considered the effects of banishment on racial and ethnic minorities at neighborhood and individual levels. To address these issues this three-part study examined the enforcement of banishment on Kings Housing Authority (KHA; Southeast, US) public housing property from 2004-2012. Collectively these studies address the following overarching research questions: Does banishment reduce crime in public housing neighborhoods? Does banishment disproportionately target racial and ethnic public housing neighborhoods? Does banishment prevent banned individuals from re-offending in public housing? Does banishment disproportionately ban racial and ethnic individuals? What are the residential perceptions of banishment and its effectiveness? How does race and ethnicity affect perceptions of banishment and its effectiveness? Results suggest that banishment is better at reducing property crime than violent crime, though the reductions are modest at best. Increases in bans predicted decreases in drug arrests the following year and predicted that drug offenders can be deterred. Despite these crime control benefits results also suggested that the enforcement of banishment comes at a cost. First, a significant amount of banned individuals are not deterred. Second, while trespass enforcement is used in communities other than public housing, the issuing of bans is concentrated only within public housing communities and bans are predominantly issued to African-American males. Finally, results found that residents are not likely to find them effective if they think they are policing too much or policing too little. Future directions and implications are discussed given the dynamic between the crime control benefits of banishment and its social consequences. / Ph. D.

published_or_final_version / Urban Planning / Master / Master of Science in Urban Planning

published_or_final_version / Architecture / Doctoral / Doctor of Philosophy

published_or_final_version / Urban Planning / Master / Master of Science in Urban Planning

Lam Muk Hung. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1989. / Bibliography: leaves 161-172.

Leung Wai Yue. / "Architecture Department, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Master of Architecture Programme 2006-2007, design report." / Includes bibliographical references (p. 110-111). / Chapter PART I -- --- RESEARCH / Chapter A. --- Background: Public Housing Development in Hong Kong / Chapter B. --- Research Study / Chapter 1. --- Study of Slab Form Public Housing Estates in Hong Kong in Relation with Site / Chapter 1.1 --- Slab Housing Estates on Level Site / Chapter 1.2 --- Slab Housing Estates on Slope Site / Chapter 2. --- Study of Slab Formation in Relation with Circulation and Units / Chapter 2.1 --- Horizontal Organization of Units / Chapter 2.2 --- Horizontal Arrangement of Towers / Chapter 2.3 --- Variation in Units and Circualtion System / Chapter 3. --- Unit Study (Study of Le Corbusier's Work from 1922 to 1945) / Chapter PART II- --- DESIGN / Chapter A. --- Pre-Design Study / Chapter 1. --- Density Study of Old Slab Housing Estates and New Tower Estates / Chapter 1.1 --- Density of Old Slab Estates / Chapter 1.2 --- Density of New Tower Estates / Chapter 1.3 --- Conclusion / Chapter 2. --- Quality in Old Slab Public Housing Estates / Chapter 2.1 --- Adaptability in Site Organization / Chapter 2.2 --- Potential for Flexible Internal Space Organization / Chapter 2.3 --- Form Allows Diversified Circulation System / Chapter 3. --- Design Objectives / Chapter B. --- Design / Chapter 1. --- The Site - an Exisiting Tower Estate / Chapter 1.1 --- Site Scale / Chapter 1.2 --- History of Site -- a Former Slab Estate / Chapter 2. --- Volumetric Study of Slab Form against High Density Program / Chapter 2.1 --- Volumetric Study 01 / Chapter 2.2 --- Volumetric Study 02 / Chapter 2.3 --- Conclusion on Study and Further Development

Yeung Wai Yan, Jessica. / "Architecture Department, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Master of Architecture Programme 2006-2007, design report."

Thesis (M.Arch.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Architecture, 1980. / MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND ROTCH. / Bibliography: p. 50-54. / by Jon William Alff. / M.Arch.