Esta pesquisa aborda alguns conceitos de espaço público e discute as relações espaciais estruturais de edifícios de uso misto e comerciais no centro da cidade de São Paulo, tendo em vista os processos de verticalização, modernização e metropolização ocorridos desde os anos 50 e 60. Considera, também, um estudo sobre a relevância do pavimento térreo na arquitetura brasileira desse período, enquanto estruturador das relações espaciais discutidas e os novos programas e tipologias devido às demandas da metrópole paulistana. / This dissertation approaches a few concepts of Public Spaces and discuss the key relationships between spaces within Mixed-Use and Commercial Buildings of Sao Paulos city centre through the processes of high rise densification, modernization and the formation of the Metropolis that occurred since the 1950s and 1960s. Still within the context of the Brazilian Architecture produced during this period, the study debates the role of the Street Level as a regulator between the discussed relationship between spaces and the new programs and typologies designed to tackle the current demands of the Paulista Metropolis.

Este trabalho discute a permanência dos espaços públicos centrais frente às sucessivas transformações metropolitanas e seu papel na construção da cidade. A partir de uma praça signifi cativa da ocupação territorial de São Paulo, a Praça do Patriarca, procuramos apontar, no espaço construído, as imposições e as possibilidades defi nidas ao longo do processo histórico e dos diversos ideais urbanos responsáveis pela sua confi- guração. A Praça e seu entorno foram observados quanto à conformação espacial, ao desenho formal de seus edifícios e às possibilidades de uso e apropriação que permitia em cada período estudado. A esse levantamento, foram sobrepostas referências históricas sobre a construção da cidade e seus distintos propósitos, procurando esclarecer as relações entre a conjuntura sócio-política e a consequente construção do espaço. / This work discusses the permanence of central public spaces in between the successive urban transformations and their role in the construction of the city. As off the Praça do Patriarca, an important square for the territorial occupation of São Paulo, we will show the impositions and possibilities defi ned during historic process in the constructed space and the various urban concepts responsible for its confi guration. The relation of the square and its environment was researched concerning their spatial confi guration, the formal design of their buildings and the possibilities of use and appropriation permitted during each of the observed periods. Added to this survey were historic references about the city construction and their distinct purposes, with the idea to show the relationship between a current social-politic situation and the resulting spatial construction.

This thesis examines the contribution of urban greenspace to public health and inequalities in young people. Taking a comprehensive, environmental justice approach variations in provision, access, use and experience of greenspace related to neighbourhood level inequalities are explored in relation to physical activity, mood and wellbeing in 16-25 year olds. The project used a three phased, mixed methods design via spatial mapping, real-time monitoring and community-based participatory research. The first phase used Geographical Information Systems (GIS) to conduct an analysis of the provision, accessibility and quality of public greenspace in Aberdeen City. Scottish Index of Multiple Deprivation data were used explore and contrast these characteristics between areas categorised as affluent or deprived. The second phase used real-time measures to gather within-person data on greenspace use, physical activity, and mood in 16-25year olds over a seven day period, further exploring how socio-economic variations in good quality greenspace influenced the use and effect of greenspace. The third study phase used qualitative, community-based participatory research to empower young people to explore their experience and importance of greenspace for health. The results suggest a potential positive role of greenspace in public health in relation to increasing physical activity, decreasing sedentary behaviour and providing opportunities for restoration in young people. However, they also demonstrate that social inequalities are present in the provision of good quality greenspace and highlight that quality of greenspace and wider issues related to area level deprivation play a crucial role in the use and experience of greenspace, as well as the effect on physical activity and mood in young people. This has important implications for public health as the promotion of greenspace at a population level could deepen rather than improve health inequalities, by exposing those in affluent areas to health enhancing good quality greenspace and those in deprived areas to the potentially detrimental effects of poor quality greenspace.

Esta pesquisa aborda alguns conceitos de espaço público e discute as relações espaciais estruturais de edifícios de uso misto e comerciais no centro da cidade de São Paulo, tendo em vista os processos de verticalização, modernização e metropolização ocorridos desde os anos 50 e 60. Considera, também, um estudo sobre a relevância do pavimento térreo na arquitetura brasileira desse período, enquanto estruturador das relações espaciais discutidas e os novos programas e tipologias devido às demandas da metrópole paulistana. / This dissertation approaches a few concepts of Public Spaces and discuss the key relationships between spaces within Mixed-Use and Commercial Buildings of Sao Paulos city centre through the processes of high rise densification, modernization and the formation of the Metropolis that occurred since the 1950s and 1960s. Still within the context of the Brazilian Architecture produced during this period, the study debates the role of the Street Level as a regulator between the discussed relationship between spaces and the new programs and typologies designed to tackle the current demands of the Paulista Metropolis.

This project is a relational ethnography that explores valuation as a social process and its relationship to the production and reproduction of inequality in urban space. I connect the subjective valuation process with struggles over material resources and the politics of recognition. With each chapter of this dissertation I demonstrate that race and ethnicity are encoded in the value of urban spaces through analyses of various micro-level meaning-making practices and structures that constitute cultural processes relevant to valuation. In addition to participant observation, I incorporate semi-structured photo-elicitation interviews, unstructured interviews, a semiotic analysis and analyses of existing literature to historicize the project. My overall epistemological objective is to marry a political and material focus on worth with a study of the mechanisms through which culture enters into valuation processes and, consequently, inequality.

Este trabalho discute a permanência dos espaços públicos centrais frente às sucessivas transformações metropolitanas e seu papel na construção da cidade. A partir de uma praça signifi cativa da ocupação territorial de São Paulo, a Praça do Patriarca, procuramos apontar, no espaço construído, as imposições e as possibilidades defi nidas ao longo do processo histórico e dos diversos ideais urbanos responsáveis pela sua confi- guração. A Praça e seu entorno foram observados quanto à conformação espacial, ao desenho formal de seus edifícios e às possibilidades de uso e apropriação que permitia em cada período estudado. A esse levantamento, foram sobrepostas referências históricas sobre a construção da cidade e seus distintos propósitos, procurando esclarecer as relações entre a conjuntura sócio-política e a consequente construção do espaço. / This work discusses the permanence of central public spaces in between the successive urban transformations and their role in the construction of the city. As off the Praça do Patriarca, an important square for the territorial occupation of São Paulo, we will show the impositions and possibilities defi ned during historic process in the constructed space and the various urban concepts responsible for its confi guration. The relation of the square and its environment was researched concerning their spatial confi guration, the formal design of their buildings and the possibilities of use and appropriation permitted during each of the observed periods. Added to this survey were historic references about the city construction and their distinct purposes, with the idea to show the relationship between a current social-politic situation and the resulting spatial construction.

This is a study of the unexplored layers of the Japanese practice of urban planning and architecture in urban Manchuria (current northeast China) during the first half of the twentieth century. I reframe my examination within a broader context of international imperialism and Japanese reception of modern architecture during the first half of the twentieth century and argue that the dynamic interactions among the Japanese, Russian, and Chinese politicians and architects mutually shaped the international cityscapes in Manchuria. Moreover, I examine Japanese architects’ writings and buildings to illustrate how they regulated the indigenous and former colonial spaces and constructed a modern living space in Manchuria through the development of residential houses. 旧満洲（現在中国東北地方）における植民地都市空間の研究は、これまで公共建築や日本帝国の拡張を中心におこなわれてきた。本研究では、旧満洲都市の商業・生活空間に焦点をあて、建築史、美術史、地域学、社会学などを融合させた従来と異なる学際的なアプローチで、旧満洲の植民地都市空間を再考し、植民地支配の空間体験とモダニズムの本質を解明する。 満洲のケーススタディとして、20世紀前半の長春＝新京の商業・生活空間に焦点をあて、日・中・露の連携と競争がもたらした都市空間の形成と変遷を明らかにする。著者が発見した数枚の古地図を分析し、文献資料と照合しながら、1932年まで長春に共存した日本鉄道付属地とロシア鉄道付属地や中国の城内・商埠地との空間的な相互依存関係を検討する。三国の政治と経済の錯綜する土地である長春は、流動的で多層的な都市空間だったのである。さらに、満洲で活躍した日本人建築家の活動と言説を中心に、彼らが設計したモダン住宅や植民地観光のビジュアル資料を再考し、観光表象における「帝国的まなざし」と日常空間との重なりや齟齬を明らかにし、その観光空間と戦後に流行した満洲ロマンやノスタルジーとの関係にも焦点をあててきた。

Dans un monde de plus en plus urbanisé, qui vit une crise caractérisée en partie par les exclusions, la ségrégation et l’accélération des mobilités (T. Paquot, 2012), l’espace public est sacrifié, la qualité de vie dégradée, le mode de vie énergivore et polluant.Les villes durables peuvent-elles être considérées comme la meilleure alternative à tous les problèmes? Revenir vers la ville ancienne comme l’avait souhaité C. Sitte, peut-il constituer une solution pour demain ? Qu’en est-il de la Médina de Constantine parfois perçue comme une « non-ville » ? Qu’en est-il de son patrimoine ? Notre questionnement porte sur le rôle que peuvent jouer les espaces publics dans la revalorisation du patrimoine bâti pour en faire un lieu vivable, durable et apprécié. Dans ce contexte, la vieille ville de Constantine avec son histoire, sa morphologie et son évolution urbaine, représente le coeur de notre recherche, laquelle s’appuie sur une démarche comparative avec l’écoquartier Vauban à Fribourg-en-Brisgau qui sert comme référence pour conduire ce travail.Les espaces publics sont donc au centre de notre travail, afin de mettre en valeur le patrimoine bâti et améliorer la qualité de vie des habitants et des usagers, loin des objectifs de la seule patrimonialisation. Cette thèse de doctorat cherche à montrer que la Médina est un bon enseignement et une alternative à la ville d’aujourd’hui, notamment lorsqu’elle est croisée avec la ville durable. Nous avons choisi, d’intégrer le développement durable à la Médina à travers plusieurs sujets : l’accessibilité, la mobilité, la densité, la proximité des services, la gestion des déchets, les éléments d’ambiances qui participent à la fabrique de l’espace public, donc des paysages urbains. Afin de confirmer l’hypothèse que la Médina dispose d’une bonne base pour devenir un quartier durable, nous avons élargi notre recherche par une analyse architecturale et sociale appuyée par plusieurs sujets, à savoir la diversité de logements, la participation citoyenne, la mixité. Cela, à travers l’observation et la marche urbaine comme méthode d’analyse des usagers, des usages, des pratiques qui participent à l’attractivité et au maintien en vie des espaces publics. En somme, cette thèse décrit deux expériences que rien ne rassemble mais qui sont étroitement liées au point d’avoir plus de convergences que de divergences. Bien que, la Médina reste loin d’être performante en matière de durabilité par rapport à Vauban, la comparaison nous a amené à conclure qu’une démarche démocratique, à travers ce qu’elle crée comme liens sociaux et rencontres entre les personnes, joue un rôle très important dans la fabrique de l’espace public et dans sa capacité à offrir une meilleure qualité de vie aux habitants. Enfin, elle souligne les éléments à suivre ou à éviter pour la réussite d’un projet de revalorisation de la Médina à travers ses espaces publics et de conception d’éco quartiers qui, peut-être dureront autant que la Médina de Constantine. / Within a world more and more urbanised, which live a crisis partially characterised by exclusions, segregation, and acceleration of mobility (T. Paquot, 2012). The public space is being sacrified, the quality of life degraded, the way of life is energy consuming, and polluting. Could the eco-cities be considered as the best alternatives for all the problems? The return to the historic city like it was desired C.sitte, could it constitute a solution for tomorrow? What about the Medina of Constantine, sometimes, perceived as none city? What about its heritage? Our questioning is concerned about the role that could play the public spaces in the revalorisation of the built heritage and to make it a place of life, sustainable, and appreciated. Within that context, the ancient city of Constantine with its history, its morphology and its urban evolution, represent the heart of our research, which is based in comparative approach with the eco-neighbourhood in Freibourg-in-brisgau wich serves as a reference to lead this work. Hence, the public spaces are in the centre of our work, in order to, put in value the built heritage, and to enhance the quality of life of inhabitants, and the users, far from the objectives of just making part of heritage. This doctoral thesis seek to reveal that the medina is a good lesson, and a good alternative to the city of today, particularly when it is met with the sustainable city. We choose to integrate the sustainable development to the medina through a variety of subjects : the accessibility, the mobility, the density, the proximity of amenities, the waste management, the elements of urban ambiance that participate in the fabrication of the public space, therefore urban landscapes. In order to confirm the hypothesis that the Medina have a good bases to be a sustainable neighbourhood, we widen our research by integrating architectural and social analysis focusing in many subjects, the diversity of habitat, the citizen participation, the mixed. This through observation and the go along as a method of analysis of users, uses, practices that participate in the attractively and the maintenance of life within public spaces. In sum, this thesis describes two experiences which are not similar, but, tightly linked to the point of having more convergence rather than divergence. Although, the medina still far from performance in terms of sustainability in regards to Vauban, the comparison offer us to conclude that a democratic approach play an important role in the fabrication of public space and its capacity to offer a better quality of life for inhabitants. In the end, it underline the elements to follow or to avoid for the success of a project of revalorisation of the medina through its public spaces, and the conception of eco-neighbourhood which, could last as long as the medina of Constantine.

Thesis (M. Sc.)--University of Hong Kong, 2001. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves [102-108]).

Thesis (M. Arch.)--University of Hong Kong, 1998. / Cover title: Gathering space environment. Includes bibliographical references.