Esta dissertação se propõe a investigar a função do ator e seu modelo de interpretação para o cinema, partindo de apropriações da pesquisa teatral. A partir do sistema de atuação criado por Konstantin Stanislavski, estabeleço uma trajetória de apropriações que se inicia concomitantemente ao desenvolvimento da linguagem cinematográfica, contemplando primeiramente a pesquisa dos cineastas russos Lev Kuleshov, Sergei Eisenstein e Vsevolod Pudovkin. Em um segundo momento, analiso como as ideias de Stanislavski chegaram nos Estados Unidos, influenciando tanto o teatro quanto o cinema americanos. A criação do Actors Studio e a formulação do \"Método\" americano de interpretação são abordadas sobretudo a partir das ideias de Elia Kazan e Lee Strasberg. Por fim, no Brasil, discorro sobre o projeto Prêt-à-Porter (1998 - 2011), criado por Antunes Filho, e sua influência na formação de toda uma geração de atores presentes na produção cinematográfica contemporânea. Nesse percurso que vai do teatro ao cinema, em certos momentos numa via de mão dupla, destaco os procedimentos que contribuíram para o processo de criação dos atores, e a forma como influenciaram sua expressão em ambas as áreas da criação artística. / This project aims at investigating the role of the actor and his/her model of acting for the screen, from a theatrical perspective. Starting with the System created by Konstantin Stanislavski, I establish a trajectory of appropriations, contemplating primarily the researches of Soviet filmmakers Lev Kuleshov, Sergei Eisenstein and Vsevolod Pudovkin. Then, I analyze the arrival of Stanislavski\'s ideas at the United States, and how they influenced both American theater and cinema. The creation of the Actors Studio and the formulation of the American Method of acting will be approached mainly through Elia Kazan and Lee Strasberg\'s ideas. Finally, in Brazil, I analyze the project Prêt-à-Porter (1998 - 2011), created by Antunes Filho, which influenced the formation of a whole generation of actors also present in contemporary film production. Thus, I highlight some procedures that highly contributed to the creative process of actors, from the stage to the screen.

Esta dissertação se propõe a investigar a função do ator e seu modelo de interpretação para o cinema, partindo de apropriações da pesquisa teatral. A partir do sistema de atuação criado por Konstantin Stanislavski, estabeleço uma trajetória de apropriações que se inicia concomitantemente ao desenvolvimento da linguagem cinematográfica, contemplando primeiramente a pesquisa dos cineastas russos Lev Kuleshov, Sergei Eisenstein e Vsevolod Pudovkin. Em um segundo momento, analiso como as ideias de Stanislavski chegaram nos Estados Unidos, influenciando tanto o teatro quanto o cinema americanos. A criação do Actors Studio e a formulação do \"Método\" americano de interpretação são abordadas sobretudo a partir das ideias de Elia Kazan e Lee Strasberg. Por fim, no Brasil, discorro sobre o projeto Prêt-à-Porter (1998 - 2011), criado por Antunes Filho, e sua influência na formação de toda uma geração de atores presentes na produção cinematográfica contemporânea. Nesse percurso que vai do teatro ao cinema, em certos momentos numa via de mão dupla, destaco os procedimentos que contribuíram para o processo de criação dos atores, e a forma como influenciaram sua expressão em ambas as áreas da criação artística. / This project aims at investigating the role of the actor and his/her model of acting for the screen, from a theatrical perspective. Starting with the System created by Konstantin Stanislavski, I establish a trajectory of appropriations, contemplating primarily the researches of Soviet filmmakers Lev Kuleshov, Sergei Eisenstein and Vsevolod Pudovkin. Then, I analyze the arrival of Stanislavski\'s ideas at the United States, and how they influenced both American theater and cinema. The creation of the Actors Studio and the formulation of the American Method of acting will be approached mainly through Elia Kazan and Lee Strasberg\'s ideas. Finally, in Brazil, I analyze the project Prêt-à-Porter (1998 - 2011), created by Antunes Filho, which influenced the formation of a whole generation of actors also present in contemporary film production. Thus, I highlight some procedures that highly contributed to the creative process of actors, from the stage to the screen.

Die in der Literatur zu Gustav Mahlers Symphonik immer wieder diagnostizierten ›Formbrüche‹ lassen sich mit den herkömmlichen Kategorien der Formenlehre nicht befriedigend analysieren und erklären. Der Text schlägt deshalb als zusätzliches Untersuchungskriterium das Begriffspaar ›Kontinuum‹ und ›Diskontinuum‹ vor, das unabhängig von bekannten Kategorien der Formenlehre verwendet werden und zu einem tieferen Verständnis von Gemeinsamkeiten und Unterschieden von Kompositionsweisen verschiedener Komponisten und der Anlage verschiedener Werke beitragen kann. Die Problematik und Begrifflichkeit wird anhand von Beispielen Gustav Mahlers vorgestellt und dann auf Musik von Charles Ives und György Ligeti übertragen, wobei als zusätzliches Hilfsmittel die Theorie und Technik der Montage nach Pudovkin fungiert. / Common categories in musical theory of form fail to analyze and explain what studies on Gustav Mahler’s symphonies have described as disruptions of the (sonata) form. The text therefore suggests, as an additional set of analytical tools, the conceptual pair of “Continuity” and “Discontinuity”, to be used independently of the well-known categories of musical form, that can contribute to a deeper understanding of similarities and differences of compositional methods used by different composers. Examples from Mahler’s symphonies illustrate the problem and introduce the explanation of the concept, which later is applied on music by Charles Ives and György Ligeti, Vsevolod Pudovkin’s montage theory serving as a supplementary means of analysis.

Most previous studies of Soviet montage cinema have concentrated on its aesthetic and technical aspects; however, montage cinema was essentially a rhetoric rather than an aesthetic of cinema. This thesis presents a comparative study of the leading montage film-makers – Kuleshov, Pudovkin, Eisenstein and Vertov – comparing and contrasting the differing methods by which they used cinema to exert a rhetorical effect on the spectator for the purposes of political propaganda. The definitions of propaganda in general use in the study of Soviet montage cinema are too narrowly restrictive and a more nuanced definition is clearly needed. Furthermore, the role of the spectator in constituting the rhetorical effectivity of a montage film has been neglected; a psychoanalytic model of the way in which the filmic text can trigger a change in the spectator’s psyche is required. Moreover, the ideology of the Soviet montage films is generally assumed to exist only in their content, whereas in classical cinema ideology also operates at the level of the enunciation of the filmic text itself. The extent to which this is also true for Soviet montage cinema should be investigated. I have analysed the interaction between montage films and their spectators from multiple perspectives, using several distinct but complementary theoretical approaches, including recent theories of propaganda, a psychoanalytic model of rhetoric, Lacanian psychoanalysis and the theory of the system of the suture, and Peircean semiotics. These different theoretical approaches, while having distinct conceptual bases, work together to build a new and consistent picture of montage cinema as a propaganda medium and as a form of political rhetoric. I have been able to classify the films of Kuleshov, Eisenstein and Pudovkin as transactive, vertical agitation propaganda and the films of Vertov as transactive, horizontal agitation propaganda. Furthermore, I show that montage cinema embeds ideology in the enunciation of its filmic text, but differs from classical cinema in trying to subvert the suturing process. I conclude that Vertov at least partly created a non-representational cinematography and that he could be regarded as being at least as much a Suprematist film-maker as a Constructivist one.