Yes / Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (PAH) is a devastating cardiovascular disorder characterised by the remodelling of pre-capillary pulmonary arteries. The vascular remodelling observed in PAH patients results from excessive proliferation and apoptosis resistance of pulmonary arterial smooth muscle (PASMCs) and endothelial cells (PAECs). We have previously demonstrated that mutations in the type II receptor for bone morphogenetic protein (BMPRII) underlie the majority of the familial and inherited forms of the disease. We have further demonstrated that BMPRII deficiency promotes excessive proliferation and attenuates apoptosis in PASMCs, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. The major objective of this study is to investigate how BMPRII deficiency impairs apoptosis in PAH. Using multidisciplinary approaches, we demonstrate that deficiency in the expression of BMPRII impairs apoptosis by modulating the alternative splicing of the apoptotic regulator, Bcl-x (B-cell lymphoma X) transcripts: a finding observed in circulating leukocytes and lungs of PAH subjects, hypoxia-induced PAH rat lungs as well as in PASMCs and PAECs. BMPRII deficiency elicits cell specific effects: promoting the expression of Bcl-xL transcripts in PASMCs whilst inhibiting it in ECs, thus exerting differential apoptotic effects in these cells. The pro-survival effect of BMPRII receptor is mediated through the activin receptor like kinase 1 (ALK1) but not the ALK3 receptor. Finally, we show that BMPRII interacts with the ALK1 receptor and pathogenic mutations in the BMPR2 gene abolish this interaction. Taken together, dysfunctional BMPRII responsiveness impairs apoptosis via the BMPRII-ALK1-Bcl-xL pathway in PAH. We suggest Bcl-xL as a potential biomarker and druggable target. / This work was supported by a fellowship (awarded to MTN) from the Department of Health via the NIHR Comprehensive Biomedical Research Centre award to Guy’s & St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust in partnership with King’s College London, Heptagon Life Science Proof of Concept Fund (grant KCL24 to MTN), the Great Britain Sasakawa Foundation (grant B70 to MTN), the Royal Society (grant 43049 to MTN), the Medical Research Council (grant G900865 to RCT, MTN and NWM) and the University of Bradford (grants 003200, 66006/001NAS and DH005 to MTN). NS and MYB were supported by scholarships from the Commonwealth Scholarship Commission, UK and Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK), respectively.

Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (PAH) is a rare incurable condition affecting both the cardiac and respiratory systems. Patients living with PAH face the burden of both intensive medication regimens and debilitating disease symptoms. This study’s primary aim was to identify patients’ medication-taking behaviours and beliefs using a framework derived from the extended health belief model (EHBM), and to use this information to deliver personalised interventions to improve medication-taking behaviours. A mixed-methodology longitudinal study design recorded patients’ parameters over a 12-month period. Thirteen participants from Northern Ireland completed the study. The results showed that the level of high-adherence to PAH medicines, as assessed using the MARS questionnaire was 80%, but this value differed when assessed via pill counting and interview data. There was a trend to improvement in observed and predicted medication adherence over the study duration. Participants’ beliefs showed a non-statistical increase in the specific-necessity beliefs and a reduction in general-overuse belief. This study added to the EHBM new constructs of trust and support in being able to better predict nonadherent behaviours. Key medication-taking themes were self-confidence, perceived ranking of medicines, uncertainty and knowledge. This study developed important learning that can be applied to future research on behavioural health studies. / Heart Trust Fund; Actelion Pharmaceuticals

Le terme d’« hypertension artérielle pulmonaire » (HTAP) décrit une maladie vasculaire pulmonaire caractérisée par une augmentation progressive des pressions artérielles pulmonaires (PAP), définie par une PAP moyenne supérieure ou égale à 25 mmHg au repos et dont le principal symptôme est un essoufflement à l’effort. Un remodelage artériel pulmonaire intense conduisant à une obstruction des petits vaisseaux pulmonaires est responsable de la maladie. C’est une maladie rare mais néanmoins grave car pouvant aboutir à une insuffisance ventriculaire droite et entraîner le décès du patient.Le cadre général de notre étude est l’amélioration de la compréhension des mécanismes physiopathologiques de l’HTAP afin d’identifier de nouvelles cibles thérapeutiques potentielles. Nous nous sommes intéressés plus particulièrement au phénotype « pseudo-tumoral » des cellules musculaires lisses des artères pulmonaires (CML-AP) des patients atteints d’HTAP qui jouent un rôle primordial dans le remodelage vasculaire pulmonaire de l’HTAP et qui présentent des caractéristiques communes avec les cellules cancéreuses, notamment une hyper-prolifération, une résistance à l’apoptose, des désordres métaboliques et une instabilité génomique. Etant donné que la protéine p53, un des plus importants suppresseurs de tumeur, est largement décrite comme inactivée dans la plupart des cancers, nous avons émis l’hypothèse qu’elle pourrait également jouer un rôle important dans le développement de l’HTAP. Les résultats des études in vitro menées sur des CML-AP de patients atteints d'HTAP idiopathiques (HTAPi) versus des sujets contrôles semblent indiquer que la protéine p53 n’est pas altérée dans les CML-AP HTAPi. En effet, la séquence codante du gène TP53 ne présente pas de mutation dans les CML-AP HTAPi, les expressions génique et protéique de p53 (et de certaines de ses protéines cibles) ne semblent pas être différentes entre contrôles et HTAPi, ni à l’état basal ni en réponse à différents stress cellulaires inducteurs de p53 (étoposide et H2O2). Cependant, la régulation de p53 semble altérée puisque nous avons observé une augmentation du taux protéique de MDM2, principal régulateur de p53, dans les CML-AP HTAPi. Ce résultat peut être considéré comme une des caractéristiques « pseudo-tumorales » des CML-AP HTAPi mais également être un élément déterminant du mécanisme d’action de la Nutlin-3a, qui a montré des effets anti-prolifératifs accrus dans les CML-AP HTAPi.Dans des études in vivo menées chez le rat, la protéine p53 semble jouer un rôle dans l’initiation de la pathogénèse d’une HTAP. En effet, les taux protéiques pulmonaires de p53, de sa cible p21 et de son régulateur (mais également cible transcriptionnelle) MDM2 sont diminués lors de la première semaine dans un modèle d’induction d’HTAP par mono-injection de monocrotaline (MCT) chez le rat, au cours duquel la pathologie se développe à partir de la 2ème semaine. De plus, l’administration quotidienne à des rats d’un inhibiteur de l’activité transcriptionnelle de p53, le pifithrin-α (PFT), conduit au développement d’une HTAP en 14 jours, au même titre qu’une mono-injection de MCT, et aggrave l’HTAP induite par la MCT. Des effets pro-prolifératifs et anti-apoptotiques du PFT révélés sur des CML-AP indiquent que l’inhibition de l’activité transcriptionnelle de p53 est à l'origine d'une prolifération exagéree et une résistance à l'apoptose, deux composantes clés dans le remaniement vasculaire pulmonaire et le développement de l'HTAP.En conclusion, ces résultats mettent en évidence l’implication de l’inactivation de la voie de p53 lors de la phase initiatrice du développement de l’HTAP, alors qu’aux stades tardifs et sévères de la maladie, il semble il y avoir une normalisation de p53. En revanche, l’augmentation de l’expression de son principal régulateur MDM2 observée dans les CML-AP de patients HTAP semble être une cible thérapeutique potentiellement intéressante. / Pulmonary artery hypertension (PAH) is a severe pulmonary vascular disease characterized by a progressive increase of the pulmonary arterial pressure (PAP), defined by a mean PAP greater than or equal to 25 mmHg at rest. The main symptom is a shortness of breath. An intense pulmonary arterial remodeling that leads to an obstruction of the small pulmonary vessels is responsible of the disease. PAH is a rare but severe disease that develops into right ventricular cardiac failure leading to the patient's death.The general framework of our study was to improve the understanding of the pathophysiology of PAH in order to identify new potential therapeutic targets and improve the clinical management of patients. In particular, we were interested in the “cancer-like phenotype” of PAH patient pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells (PA-SMCs). PA-SMCs play a key role in the pulmonary vascular remodeling of PAH. These cells share characteristics with cancerous cells, such as: exaggerated proliferation, apoptosis resistance, metabolic disorders and genomic instability. Owing to the growth-suppressive and pro-apoptotic functions of p53 protein and its inactivation largely described in cancer, we hypothesized that the p53 pathway could also be altered during PAH development in PA-SMCs.The results of in vitro studies on PA-SMCs of late stage patients with idiopathic PAH (iPAH) versus control patients suggest that the p53 protein nor pathway is not altered in iPAH PA-SMCs. Indeed, the coding sequence of the TP53 gene presented no mutations in iPAH PA-SMCs. Analysis of mRNA and protein levels of p53 and its target proteins showed no difference between controls and iPAH PA-SMCs, neither in a basal state or in response to various cellular stresses such as etoposide and H2O2. However, regulation of p53 may be altered in iPAH PA-SMCs as we observed an increase of the MDM2 (the main p53 regulator) protein level compared to control. This last result may be considered as a “cancer-like” characteristic of iPAH PA-SMCs and also be a determining factor in the mechanism of action of Nutlin-3a, which had more important anti-proliferative effects in iPAH PA-SMCs than in control cells.In vivo studies in rats revealed, however, that the p53 pathway may play a role in the initiation stage of PAH pathogenesis. Indeed, kinetics evaluation of p53 lung expression in the PAH model, induced by a single injection of monocrotaline (MCT), revealed a decrease in the p53 protein level during the first week, followed by a normalization by the second week. PAH symptoms are developed in MCT rats after two weeks. Similarly, the protein levels of p21, a p53 target, and MDM2, the major p53 regulator, and also a transcriptional target of p53, decreased during the first week in the MCT-PAH model. In addition, daily treatment in rats with an inhibitor of p53 transcriptional activity, pifithrin-α (PFT), led to the development of PAH in 14 days, similarly to MCT, and worsened the PAH induced by MCT. Pro-apoptotic and anti-proliferative effects of PFT on PA-SMCs indicate that inhibition of p53 transcriptional activity causes an excessive proliferation and an apoptosis resistance, which are two key components of the pulmonary vascular remodeling and development of human and experimental PAH.In conclusion, these results demonstrate the involvement of the p53 pathway inactivation in the initiation stage of PAH development, whereas in late and severe stages of disease, its role seems to be less implicated. In contrast, the increased expression of MDM2 observed in PA-SMCs of PAH patients may be a potential therapeutic target.

Vascular remodelling due to excessive proliferation and apoptosis resistance of pulmonary arterial smooth muscle (PASMCs) and endothelial cells (ECs) has been attributed to the pathogenesis of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). It is an incurable cardiovascular disorder, which leads to right heart failure and death, if left untreated. Heterozygous germline mutations in the bone morphogenetic protein receptor type II (BMPR2) have been linked with the majority (~75%) of the familial form of the disease (HPAH). Mutations in the BMPR2 gene impinge upon the BMP signalling which perturbs the balance between BMP and TGF-β pathways leading to the clinical course of the disease. Current therapies were discovered prior to the knowledge that PAH has substantial genetic components. Hence, this study aims to identify novel therapeutic intervention and provide novel insights into how the dysfunctional BMPRII signalling contributes to the pathogenesis of PAH. This work demonstrates that cryptolepines and FDA approved drugs (doxorubicin, taxol, digitoxin and podophyllotoxin) inhibit the excessive proliferation and induce apoptosis in BMPR2 mutant PASMCs by modulating the BMP and TGF-β pathways. Moreover, established drug PTC124 has also been tested but has failed to promote translational readthrough. I have also shown that dysregulated apoptosis of PASMCs and HPAECs is mediated through the BMPRII-ALK1-BclxL axis. Finally, the siRNA screen targeting approximately 1000 genes has identified novel proteins including PPP1CA, IGF-1R, MPP1, MCM5 and SRC each capable of modulating the BMPRII signalling. Taken together, this study for the very first time has identified novel compounds with pro-BMP and anti-TGFβ activities which may provide therapeutic intervention prior to or after the onset of PAH. / Commonwealth Scholarship Commission in the UK / The full text will be available at the end of the embargo period, 31st July 2024.