Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T14:01:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 314822 bytes, checksum: 5b2d05d7e90ad2be423641cfa4c9b2a8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-07-09 / Historically, the pulp and paper industry has been one of the largest consumers of natural resources. The volume of water consumed in the sector reaches an average value of about 25 to 100 m3 per ton of pulp produced. Among the stages that comprise the kraft process, the bleaching plant is the largest source of liquid effluent generation. Reducing effluent generation, through partial or total system closure, significantly reduces fresh water consumption and brings benefits in terms of reduction of environmental pollution. The purpose of this work was to evaluate the feasibility of reducing fresh water consumption in the bleaching system, through the recirculation of bleaching filtrates. From the current conditions of pulp process of Lwarcel Celulose Ltda, which has total effluent generation of 22 m3/adt, two degrees of closure were analyzed, generation 19,5 and 17,5 m3/tsa. Based on these conditions, the final product quality, concentration and influence of non-process elements (NPEs) in the circuit, reagent consumption on bleaching and concentration of effluent generation were analyzed. Results indicate that as the circuit was closed, the concentration of non-process elements (NPEs) was increased in the system and only one alternative analyzed meets pulp quality requirements. / Historicamente a indústria de celulose e papel tem sido considerada uma das maiores consumidoras de recursos naturais. O volume de água consumido pelo setor alcança em média valores de 25 a 100 m3 por tonelada de polpa celulósica produzida. Dentre os estágios que compõem o processo kraft, a planta de branqueamento constitui a maior fonte de geração de efluentes líquidos. Impactos significativos através da redução de geração de efluentes, com fechamento parcial ou total do circuito, trazem economia no consumo de água fresca e benefícios ambientais. A proposta deste trabalho é avaliar a viabilidade da redução do consumo de água fresca no processo de branqueamento, através da recirculação de filtrado no circuito. A partir das condições atuais do processo de fabricação de celulose da indústria Lwarcel Celulose Ltda, que apresenta geração total de efluente de 22 m3/tsa, analisou-se dois graus de fechamento, geração de 19,5 e 17,5 m3/tsa. Com base nestas condições verificou-se a qualidade do produto final, concentração e influencia dos ENPs no circuito, consumo dos insumos de branqueamento e concentração do efluente gerado. Os resultados obtidos apontam que à medida que o circuito de águas foi fechado, aumentou-se a concentração dos elementos não processáveis no sistema e que apenas uma das alternativas avaliadas satisfaz os requisitos de qualidade.

De 20 största massabruken i Sverige släpper tillsammans ut ungefär 20 miljoner ton CO2 per år. Dessa utsläpp har biogent ursprung och anses därför vara klimatneutrala. Massa- och pappersindustrin är därmed en lämplig kandidat för implementeringen av BECCS (eng. Bioenergy with Carbon Capture and Storage) och har en betydande potential att nå de, av den svenska regeringen, uppsatta klimatmålen som säger att Sverige inte ska några nettoutsläpp av växthusgaser till atmosfären senast år 2045. I detta examensarbete simulerades kemiska absorptions- och desorptionsprocesser med MEA som lösningsmedel genom att tillämpa den hastighetsbaserade metoden i en rigorös modell i Aspen Plus. Stripper- och absorptionsmodellerna validerades innan standardprocessen modifierades till en konfiguration som möjliggör värmeintegration av koldioxidinfångningens överskottsvärme med, exempelvis, ett sulfatmassabruk. Avskiljningsgraden och laddning hos den mättade lösningen användes som prestandaindikatorer för att validera absorptionskolonnerna. Återkokarens energiåtgång och laddning hos den omättade lösningen användes somprestandaindikatorer för att validera stripperkolonnerna. Samtliga kolonner dimensionerades för att erhålla 90 vikt% avskiljningsgrad. Olika flödeshastigheter av lösningsmedlet testades för att säkerställa effektivt nyttjande av packningen i absorptions- och stripperkolonnerna. Lämpliga temperaturnivåer för värmeintegration, inom och utanför, koldioxidinfångningen erhölls genom att utvärdera olika varianter av en stripper-overhead-kompression konfiguration. Utvärderingen av den modifierade MEA processen tog hänsyn till potentialen för ångbesparing och energieffektivisering. Resultat från simuleringarna tyder på att den modifierade strippern skulle kunna ge besparingar på upp emot 11 % i ånganvändning. Energibesparingar i samma storleksordning kunde även erhållas genom värmeintegration mellan koldioxidinfångningen och en särskild process i ett referensbruk. Implementering av BECCS-konceptet på det här sättet skulle därmed kunna bli ett mer attraktivt alternativ för den svenska massa- och pappersindustrin att bekämpa klimatförändringarna. / The 20 largest pulp mills in Sweden emit around 20 million tonnes of CO2 per year. These emissions are considered carbon-neutral since they originate from biogenic sources. The pulp and paper industry is therefore a good candidate for the application of BECCS (Bioenergy with Carbon Capture and Storage) and has the potential to play a significant role for reaching the long-term mitigation target set by the Swedish government that Sweden should be climate-neutral by year 2045. In this thesis, a MEA-based chemical absorption and desorption process was rigorously modelled in Aspen Plus using the rate-based method. Validation of the absorber and stripper model was conducted before the standard process was modified to a configuration that enables heat integration of a significant amount of excess heat from the capture process in, for example, a Kraft pulp mill. CO2 removal rate and rich solvent loading were used as performance indicators to validate the absorber columns. The reboiler duty and lean solvent loading served as performance indicators in the stripper validation. The columns were dimensioned considering 90 wt% capture rate. Efficient use of the entire packing in the absorber and stripper columns was ensured by testing different solvent flow rates. Suitable temperature levels for heat integration, within and across the capture plant, were obtained through an assessment of different versions of a stripper overhead compression configuration. The evaluation of the modified MEA processes took into account the steam conservation potential and energy efficiency potential. The simulation results indicate that the modified stripper may lead to savings of up to 11% in steam consumption. Heat integration between the capture plant and a specific process in a reference Kraft pulp mill resulted in energy savings of the same order of magnitude. Thereby, making the BECCS concept a more attractive solution for the Swedish pulp and paper industry to mitigate climate change.