The degree project was done at Södra Cell Värö with the purpose to investigate how the use of energy for pulp drying in a pulp dryer could be made more effective to decrease the energy consumption or increase the capacity. The pulp dryer is one of the machines that consumes the most energy at SCV. The air that dryes the pulp is heated by low pressure steam, and since the amount low pressure steam was limited, the purpose with the project was to investigate how the low pressure steam best could be used. If the drying capacity could be improved it could enable for an increase in production or a decrease low pressure steam consumption. The task was divided into: 1. Analysis of steam and condensate flows connected to the pulp dryer. Can they be adjusted to improve the drying capacity? 2. Investigation of possible sectors of application for hot air flows from vacuum pumps. 3. Investigation of the condensate system. Can condensate and flash steam be used in a better way to provide more steam to the pulp dryer? For task 1, air and energy balances were made ove the pulp dryer, then temperature, flow and moisture content were measured for all air flows in and out. To investigate how the consumption low pressure steam in the pulp dryer depends on the air flows in to the pulp dryer, tests were made where the rotation speed for the fans and the temperature for the air were varied. The result of measuring the air balance over the pulp dryer was that the same amount air was going in and out, which means that all the air was going in to the dryer preheated. The energy balance over the thermal recycling system showed that 40 % of the energy in outgoing air was being reused. Increasing the rotation speed from 750 rpm to 1000 rpm was favourable when the production was high. Increasing the temperature of the air in to the pulp dryer showed that the consumption low pressure steam decreased. Recommended rotation speeds: December – february: 1000 rpm, all levels of production mars – november: 1000 rpm for high production (over 3 bar low pressure steam to pulp dryer) 750 rpm for low production (below 3 bar low pressure steam to pulp dryer) For task 2, temperature, flow and moisture content were measured for all air flows out from the vacuum pumps. The air flows out from the vacuum pumps had a temperature of 40-50 °C, which was too low to be used for preheating of air to pulp dryer. For task 3, a mapping of the condensate system including all steam and condensate flows connected to the pulp dryer was made. The mapping was made in AutoCAD. Since the experiment with increased temperature of the air in to the pulp dryer showed that an increase in temperature caused the consumption low pressure steam to decrease, calculations of how much more the consumption low pressure steam could be decreased by switching to steam of a higher pressure for preaheating the drying air. By using only steam of higher pressure for air preheating, the amount available low pressure steam to the pulp dryer could be increased with 6 tonnes/h. / Examensarbetet utfördes på Södra Cell Värö med syfte att undersöka hur energianvändningen för massatorkning på torkmaskinen (TM) kunde effektiviseras för att ge lägre energiförbrukning eller högre kapacitet. TM är en av de mest energiförbrukande avdelningarna på bruket. Massan torkas där med luft som värms av processånga vilken utgörs av lågtrycksånga, och eftersom tillgången av lågtrycksånga var begränsad var det önskvärt att undersöka hur den kunde användas på mest effektiva sätt. Om torkkapaciteten kan förbättras kan det möjliggöra en ökning av produktionen alternativt en minskning av förbrukning av lågtrycksånga. Uppgiften delades upp i: 1. Analys av ång- och luftflöden kopplat till TM. Kan de justeras för att ge bättre torkkapacitet? 2. Undersökning av möjliga användningsområden för varma luftflöden från vakuumpumparna. 3. Undersökning av kondensatsystemet. Kan kondensat och flashånga utnyttjas på ett bättre sätt för att tillhandahålla mer ånga till TM? Till uppgift 1 ställdes luft- och energibalanser upp över TM, och sedan gjordes mätningar på temperatur, flöde och fukthalt på in- och utgående luftflöden. För att undersöka hur förbrukningen lågtrycksånga i torkskåpet påverkas av tilluften gjordes försök där varvtal på tilluftfläktar och temperatur på tilluft varierades. Resultatet av luftbalansmätningarna var att inget undertryck rådde över torkskåpet, vilket innebär att all tilluft gick förvärmd in till torkningen. Energibalans över värmeåtervinningssystemet visade att ca 40 % av energin i utgående våtluft återvinns. Försök med varvtal och temperatur på tilluft visade att en ökning av varvtal från 750 rpm till 1000 rpm var gynnsamt vid hög produktion, samt att en temperaturökning på tilluft minskade förbrukningen lågtrycksånga i torkskåpet. Rekommenderade körinställningar: December-februari: 1000 rpm, alla produktionsnivåer Mars-november: 1000 rpm vid hög produktion (över 3 bars tryck på lågtrycksångan till skåpet) 750 rpm vid låg produktion (under 3 bars tryck på lågtrycksångan till skåpet) Till uppgift 2 gjordes mätningar på temperatur, flöde och fukthalt på utgående luftflöden från vakuumpumpar. Luftflödena från vakuumpumpar höll en temperatur på 40-50 °C, vilket var för lågt för att kunna användas till att förvärma torkluft till TM. Till uppgift 3 gjordes en kartering av kondensatsystemet inkluderande alla ång- och kondensatflöden kopplade till massatorkningen. Karteringen utfördes i AutoCAD. Eftersom försöket med temperaturökning på tilluft visade att lågtrycksångförbrukningen i skåpet minskade med ökad temperatur på tilluft, beräknades hur stor en ytterligare besparing lågtrycksånga skulle kunna bli om all tilluft förvärmdes av mellantrycksånga. Genom att använda mellantrycksånga för att förvärma all tilluft till torkskåpet skulle mängden tillgänglig lågtrycksånga till torkskåpet kunna ökas med 6 ton/h.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:27:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 676717 bytes, checksum: f09d3797d73ad704635dc425c3b4f832 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-10-27 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / In this work the toxicity of bleached eucalypt pulp mill effluents was assessed. First, a physical-chemical characterization of the samples was done at different points along the treatment. Then the samples were submitted to toxicity tests with four monitor organisms. For the acute toxicity assessment Vibrio fischeri (Microtox® system) and Daphnia similis were used, while the chronic toxicity test was performed with Ceriodaphnia dubia and Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata. The experiments were done on the Eco-toxicity Laboratory, created on the Water and Waste Division located on the UFV campus. Cultivation conditions were standardized and tests were developed for the organisms Daphnia similis, Ceriodaphnia dubia, and Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata. The results indicate that there is no acute toxicity in the effluent. On the other hand, chronic toxicity was detected when higher concentrations of the effluent were used in the assay with Ceriodaphnia dubia. The treated effluent presents a EC50 = 73,5% to the above crustacean and a negative reproductive effect was observed with a chronic value (CV) of 71%. However, when the dilution factor, which is calculated according to the resolution SMA-3/2000 of Secretaria do Meio Ambiente do Estado de São Paulo , was considered on the water body, the chronic effect to Ceriodaphnia dubia was not significant. Finally, the treated effluent stimulated the growth of the green algae Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata raising the concern of water body eutrofization. / O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a toxicidade de efluentes de celulose branqueada de eucalipto. Inicialmente foi feita uma caracterização físicoquímica das amostras, em diferentes pontos ao longo do tratamento, e posteriormente para estes mesmos pontos foi avaliada a toxicidade com quatro organismos-teste: para toxicidade aguda: a) Vibrio fischeri (sistema Microtox®) e b) Daphnia similis; para toxicidade crônica: c) Ceriodaphnia dubia e d) Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata. Para a realização dos testes foi criado o laboratório de Ecotoxicidade da UFV, localizado atualmente na Divisão de Água e Esgoto da referida Universidade, onde foram padronizadas as condições para a execução dos testes com os organismos-teste citados anteriormente (letras b, c e d). Os resultados encontrados apontam para a ausência de toxicidade aguda para o efluente estudado. No que diz respeito à toxicidade crônica apenas para Ceriodaphnia dubia encontrou-se toxicidade quando se testou concentrações elevadas do efluente. O efluente tratado apresentou uma CE50 de 73,5% para o referido microcrustáceo e foram ainda observados efeitos na reprodução destes organismos expressos por um valor crônico (VC) de 71%. Entretanto, quando se considerou a diluição do efluente no corpo receptor calculada com base na resolução SMA-3/2000 da Secretaria do Meio Ambiente do Estado de São Paulo, o efeito tóxico crônico para Ceriodaphnia dubia desaparece. Para a alga Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata os resultados mostraram um estímulo ao crescimento desta alga na presença do efluente, o que gera uma outra preocupação relativa à eutrofização do corpo hídrico estudado.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:28:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 402091 bytes, checksum: c86b326d507251f55728ecbdac152bce (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-02-15 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Bleached kraft pulp and textile effluents contain hard to degrade and, or toxic substances, and these industries often cannot meet legal limits for effluent chemical oxygen demand using conventional effluent treatment. Use of advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) is therefore being studied to treat their effluents. AOPs use a strong oxidizing agent to degrade organic matter but present high cost and data on their application in industrial effluents is lacking. The objective of this study was therefore to evaluate efficiency of combining AOPs (TiO2/UV, H2O2/UV, H2O2/TiO2/UV) with aerobic biological treatment to increase removal of recalcitrant organic matter in industrial effluents. Neither pretreatment of alkaline bleached kraft pulp effluent nor post-treatment of combined bleached kraft pulp effluent by the AOPs resulted in increased effluent biodegradability probably because of high effluent chloride levels. Under the conditions studied, the AOPs were not able to attack and degrade the recalcitrant organic matter in the kraft pulp effluent, contrary to literature reports. However, AOP treatment of acid bleached kraft pulp effluent should be evaluated since a beneficial effect of the AOPs was observed at low effluent pH. Pretreatment of textile effluent presented favorable results with the best treatment being 5 mmol L-1 H2O2/TiO2/UV. However, the efficiency of the process decreased with the increase in concentration of organic matter in the raw effluent. Even after aerobic biological treatment to reduce COD (755 mg L-1), satisfactory results were not obtained. For the textile effluent, the effect of COD concentration on AOP efficiency should be studied in greater detail since these processes present potential as a pretreatment. / Os efluentes das indústrias de celulose kraft branqueada e têxtil contêm substâncias de difícil degradação e, ou tóxicas. Estas indústrias, através de tratamentos convencionais não conseguem atingir a legislação com relação à demanda química de oxigênio. Devido a este fato, estuda-se o uso de processos oxidativos avançados (POAs) para tratar estes efluentes. Os POAs são processos que utilizam um oxidante forte para degradar a matéria orgânica, no entanto, apresentam altos custos, faltando dados de sua aplicação em efluentes reais. Portanto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a eficiência dos POAs no tratamento de efluentes reais, juntamente com o tratamento biológico para aumentar a remoção da matéria orgânica recalcitrante. Para o efluente de celulose kraft, os POAs, tanto no pré-tratamento do efluente alcalino como no pós-tratamento do efluente combinado, não resultaram em aumento da biodegradabilidade, provavelmente devido ao alto teor de cloretos no efluente. Contudo, recomenda-se que se faça um estudo com o efluente ácido já que se observou um efeito benéfico de realizar o pré-tratamento oxidativo em pH baixo. Portanto, nas condições estudadas os POAs não conseguiram atacar a matéria orgânica recalcitrante nos efluentes da indústria de celulose, ao contrário dos relatos encontrados na literatura. O efluente têxtil apresentou resultados favoráveis no pré-tratamento, com o melhor tratamento sendo com 5 mmol L-1 H2O2/TiO2/UV. Porém, a eficiência do processo diminuiu com o aumento da concentração da matéria orgânica no efluente bruto. Mesmo após o tratamento biológico aeróbio no laboratório para reduzir a DQO (DQO = 755 mg L-1) não foi obtido um resultado satisfatório. Para o efluente têxtil, recomenda-se estudar mais detalhadamente o efeito da concentração de DQO do efluente sobre os POAs, uma vez que os mesmos apresentam potencial como pré-tratamento.

Orientador: Leila Peres / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Quimica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-11T09:27:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Silva_Deniltonda_D.pdf: 3140539 bytes, checksum: 167c6095412deb4ab1d9dd96d26efcb7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Resumo: Na indústria de papel e celulose os processos de separação por membranas, como a ultrafiltração (UF) e a nanofiltração (NF), são utilizados para a recuperação de diversas espécies presentes nos resíduos da digestão da madeira que são atrativos para outras aplicações, tais como a lignina e açúcares, e em especial os lignossulfonatos, auxiliando também na recirculação de água do processo e na redução do teor poluente do efluente. Devido à sua gama de aplicações, existe hoje um mercado próprio de industrialização de lignossulfonatos obtidos a partir de subprodutos da indústria de papel, contexto em que se insere o interesse deste trabalho que teve como objetivo o estudo da recuperação por nanofiltração, no retentado, da fração de lignossulfonatos de baixa massa molar (<5000 g/mol) que não é recuperada pelo processo prévio de ultrafiltração do efluente de indústria de papel com processo sulfito, empregando membranas poliméricas comerciais NF e NF270, fornecidas pela Filmtec, Dow Liquid Separations, EUA. Os experimentos e as análises foram realizados de acordo com um planejamento experimental fatorial 2² (duas variáveis, dois níveis), em duplicata, onde as variáveis de processo estudadas foram: tipo de membrana e a pressão. As variáveis de resposta estudadas foram: fluxo de permeado, retenção baseada nos sólidos totais e na absorbância UV-VIS, massa molar média, condutividade e pH. A temperatura utilizada foi de 45°C e a placa suporte com 43,7% de área perfurada. O planejamento experimental possibilitou a determinação de modelos matemáticos para a previsão do fluxo de permeado de água pura e fluxo de permeado de amostra de lignossulfonato em função das variáveis estudadas, e para estes parâmetros os melhores resultados foram alcançados com as variáveis em nível superior: membrana NF270 e pressão 24 bar. A avaliação da retenção de lignossulfonatos, tanto através da análise de sólidos totais (diminuição de até 51,79% no teor de sólidos totais), bem como através da leitura de absorbância UV 280 nm (diminuição de até 84,26%, na absorbância), apresentou os melhores resultados com as variáveis em nível inferior: membrana NF e pressão 18 bar, como era esperado. Na análise da massa molar média de lignossulfonatos, realizada por Cromatografia de Permeação em Gel (GPC), o processo de nanofiltração apresentou capacidade de fracionamento, com Massa Molar Ponderal Média ( w M ) de 1994 g/mol para a alimentação, 2327 g/mol para o retentado e 1043 g/mol para o permeado. Para o estudo do conteúdo iônico (condutividade e pH) os resultados não apresentaram significância estatística. Estudo preliminar também foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar a influência da área perfurada da placa-suporte da membrana no fluxo de permeado e permeabilidade hidráulica, utilizando-se três diferentes tipos de placa metálica como suporte para as membranas, todas com área total filtrante de membrana de 15,90 cm², mas com diferentes áreas perfuradas em relação à área total filtrante: 25,3%, 36,5% e 43,7% de área perfurada, respectivamente. Este estudo apresentou melhores resultados de fluxo para a maior área perfurada, indicando que para comparações entre valores de fluxo de permeado obtidos em células de fluxo perpendicular, é fundamental a informação da área perfurada da placa-suporte / Abstract: Membrane separation processes like ultrafiltration (UF) and nanofiltration (NF) are used in the pulp and paper industry to the recovery of several species present in the wood digest waste that are interesting to other applications as lignin, sugars and specially lignosulfonates, improving the recirculation of the water in the pulping process and the reduction of the pollutants in the waste water as well. Due to their wide range of applications, there is presently a specific market for lignosulfonates obtained from paper industry as byproducts, context where this study is inserted. The main objective is to recover by nanofiltration (NF) the low molecular weight lignosulfonates fraction (<5000 g/mol) from the permeate produced in a previous current ultrafiltration process of the paper industry effluent with sulphite process, using polymeric membranes NF and NF270, supplied by Filmtec, Dow Liquid Separations, USA. The assays and the analysis where conducted according to a 22 full factorial design (two variables, two levels), where the studied independent variables were: type of membrane and pressure. The studied dependent variables were: permeate flux, retention based on total solids and on UV-VIS absorbance, average molecular weight, conductivity and pH. The temperature used was 45°C and the perforated area of the support plate was 43.7%. The used full factorial design enabled the determination of mathematical models to predict the permeate flux of pure water and of lignosulfonate samples as a function of the studied variables. The best results to these parameters were achieved with the variables at the superior level values: membrane NF270 and pressure of 24 bar. The evaluation of the lignosulfonates retention using the total solids data (decrease of up to 51.79% in total solids in the permeate) or using the UV 280 nm absorbance data (decrease of up to 84.26% in absorbance in the permeate), as expected presented the best results with the variables at the inferior level values: membrane NF and pressure of 18 bar. In the analysis of the averaged molecular weight of lignosulfonates obtained by Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC), the nanofiltration process presented fractioning capacity with Averaged Molecular Weight ( w M ) of 1994 g/mol to the sample, 2327 g/mol to the concentrated and 1043 g/mol to the permeated. The results have not presented statistical significance to the ionic content (conductivity and pH). Preliminary study were also conducted to estimate the influence of perforated area (%) of metallic plates used to support the membranes in the permeate flux and hydraulic permeability, using three different types of metallic support plates, each one with a total filtration membrane area of 15.90 cm2, but with different perforated areas (%) related to the total filtration area: 25.3%, 36.5% and 43.7%. This study presented better water permeate flux results to the biggest perforated area, indicating that when comparing permeate flux values obtained in perpendicular flux cells, the information of the perforated area (%) of the support plate is important / Doutorado / Ciencia e Tecnologia de Materiais / Doutor em Engenharia Química

[pt] O presente trabalho avalia a utilização de dois diferentes tipos de POA, Fenton-Zero - processo Fenton utilizando ferro zero valente: Fe0/H2O2 - e UV/H2O2 para o tratamento de efluente de indústria de celulose tratado biologicamente. Os parâmetros observados foram DBO, DQO, COT, cor e ABS280nm (medida de compostos ligninícos). Os experimentos foram conduzidos em batelada, em escala de laboratório e utilizando efluente real de indústria de celulose tratado biologicamente. Para os testes com o processo Fenton Zero foram realizados experimentos de acordo com um planejamento fatorial 2 elevado a 3, investigando a influência das variáveis pH, dosagem de peróxido de hidrogênio e massa de ferro zero valente fornecida por volume de solução. Como fonte de ferro foi utilizada lã de aço comercial nas concentrações de 5,5 g/L, 6,5 g/L e 7,5 g/L. As concentrações iniciais de peróxido de hidrogênio estudadas foram de 456,9 mg/L, 913,7 mg/L e 1370,6 mg/L e os valores de pH variaram entre 5.5, 6.5 e 7.5. Foram obtidas médias de remoção de 57,1 por cento de DQO, 67,2 por cento de DBO, 90,5 por cento de Cor, 83,4 por cento de compostos lignínicos e 54 por cento de COT, além de 9,52 mg/L de DBO final e 60,1 mg/L de DQO final. Já os testes com o sistema UV/H2O2 foram conduzidos com o único objetivo de polimento do efluente para reuso pelo processo. Desta maneira, o pH utilizado foi o natural do efluente (7,5) e três doses de H2O2 foram aplicadas, 4,0 g/L, 5,0 g/L e 6,0 g/L estando estas em excesso. / [en] The present work evaluates the use of two different types of AOP: the Zero-Fenton - process using zero valent iron - and UV/H2O2 for the treatment of pulp mill wastewater biologically treated. The observed parameters were BOD, COD, TOC, color and ABS280nm (measure of lignin compounds). The experiments were conducted in batch, lab scale and with real wastewater from biological treatment of a cellulose plant in Brazil. For the Fenton process, experiments were carried out according to a factorial design 23 investigating the influence of the variables pH, hydrogen peroxide dosage and zero-valent iron mass supplied by solution volume. As iron source, commercial steel wool was used in the concentrations of 5.5 g / L, 6.5 g / L and 7.5 g / L. The concentrations of hydrogen peroxide studied were 456.9 mg / L, 913.7 mg / L and 1370.6 mg / L and pH values ranged from 5.5, 6.5 and 7.5. The average removal rate was 57.1 per cent COD, 67.2 per cent COD, 90.5 per cent Color, 83.4 per cent lignin compounds and 54 per cent TOC. Also 9,52 mg/L of final BOD and 60,1 mg/L of final COD. The trials with the UV/H2O2 system, on the other hand, were conducted with the sole objective of polishing the effluent for reuse in the process. The pH used was the effluent s natural (7.5) and three excess doses of H2O2 were applied.

En ökad levervikt kan ge en indikation på toxisk stress hos fiskar. I denna undersökning jämfördes levervikt hos sandskädda (Limanda limanda) kring utsläppsområdet för pappersmassabruket Södra Cell Värö med ett referensområde ca. 10 km norrut. Det togs även lever- och muskelvävnadsprov för en grundläggande undersökning för närvaro av kadmium. Detta då kadmium tidigare har konstaterats i utsläppsvattnet från det berörda bruket och för att denna tungmetall lätt ansamlas i just levern. Totalt undersöktes 290 individer och 56 vävnadsprov togs från 28 av dessa (14 från utsläppsområdet och 14 från referensområdet). Undersökningen kunde påvisa en signifikant skillnad mellan områdena där en högre levervikt återfanns hos fiskarna kring bruket. Denna skillnad tyder på att det finns en förekomst av toxiska ämnen i området. Undersökningen gällande kadmium gav inga signifikanta resultat, trots det kan närvaro av kadmium inte uteslutas. Vi kan inte heller utesluta andra tungmetaller samt dioxiner och PAH (polycykliska aromatiska kolväten), vilka också kan ge upphov till en ökad vikt och skador på lever. / An increased liver weight can be an indicator of toxic stress of fish. In this study, liver weight of common dab (Limanda limanda) from the area around the effluent of the pulp mill Södra Cell Värö and a reference area approx. 10 kilometers north, were compared. Liver and tissue samples for a basic study for the presence of cadmium were also taken. The reason being that cadmium has been proven present in the effluent water in earlier studies and that this is a heavy metal that easily accumulates in the liver. In total 290 individuals were included in the study and 56 tissue samples were taken from 28 of these (14 from each area). A significant difference between the areas was confirmed with the highest liver weight being within the area of the effluent, suggesting a presence of toxic substances. The result from the study regarding cadmium was deemed inconclusive, and the presence can therefore not be ruled out. The presence of other heavy metals, dioxins and PAHs (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) can also not be ruled out, as they too can cause an increase in liver weight and damage to the liver.

Industrial production of cellulose is an energy intensive process. Businesses aim to utilized as much input energy, materials as possible while minimizing the waste as well. In addition to the main product – cellulose and large amounts of organically polluted water which is subsequently treated in waste water treatment plants. This PhD thesis deals with formation of suitable mixing formula for sludge from cellulose production and available materials (waste) from close neighborhood of Biocel Paskov a.s. so that well balanced cofermentation products are achieved. This mainly involves grass from lawn maintenance, grass ensilage, potato peels, and leftovers from vegetable processing. Fermentation processes (both mesophilic and thermophilic) of prepared fermentation products were conducted in semi-continuous and continuous laboratory fermentation units. Reduction of organic mass depending on residence time was closely observed as well as production and quality of biogas along with quality of output digestate. Course of process behaviour under controlled pH was tested. Results of particular tests were integrated into graphs. Conclusion of the thesis presents balance scheme drawn for selected variants, and design of real fermentation station with individual buildings, operations, basic machinery and equipment description including investment costs. Financial calculation and expected investment return was conducted in two variants – without subsidies and including subsidies from Operational Programme Renewable Sources of Energy.

Utsläpp av CO2 till atmosfären bidrar till ökningen av globala temperaturer. Industrisektorn står för 20 % av utsläppen och utav dessa kommer 6 % från pappers- och massaindustrin. För att lyckas minska den globala temperaturhöjningen till under 1,5 °C hjälper det inte bara att minska utsläppen. Även negativa utsläpp måste genereras. Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka implementeringen av CLG för att separera CO2 på ett energieffektivt sätt och samtidigt generera H2 och elektricitet. Processanalyser genomfördes för att undersöka möjligheten att implementera CLG-processen till ett typiskt massabruk. Processmodeller togs fram for att undersöka CLG, värmeåtervinning samt elektricitetsgenerering. Processmodellerna utvecklades med hjälp av Aspen Plus och Aspen HYSYS. De framtagna modellerna analyserades sedan med avseende på olika designparametrar inom CLG-processen. På ett typiskt massabruk som producerar 800 000 adt varje år kan 375 kg CO2/adt separeras och då uppnå negativa utsläpp, genom att byta ut multi-fuel forsrännaren med en CLG process. Den framtagna processmodellen skulle också kunna generera 360-504 kWh/adt av H2 beroende på de designparametrar som används för CLG-processen. Enligt modellen kan värme som återvinns från processen användas för att fånga upp ytterligare 13 % av CO2 från andra delar av bruket. Processanalys för olika designparametrar inom CLG systemet så som temperatur, luftflöde och flödet av syrgasbärare har presenterats. Nyckeltalen som undersöktes var den mängd CO2 som kunde fångas upp, mängd H2 genererad samt överskottet av elektricitet som produceras när multi-fuel förbränningen byts ut mot en CLG-process på ett typiskt massa bruk. / Emissions of CO2 to the atmosphere are contributing to the global temperature rise. The industrial sector contributed to 20 % of the emissions and out of that, 6 % are generated from the pulp and paper industry. To limit the temperature increase below 1,5 °C, the emissions not only need to be reduced but also negative emissions should be generated from different sectors. The purpose of this study is to realize the implementation of Chemical Looping Gasification (CLG) to separate CO2 (for permanent storage) in an energy-efficient way while co-generating H2 as well as electricity. Process analysis was carried out to investigate the possibility of substituting the multifuel boiler in a typical pulp mill with a CLG process. Process models for the CLG, heat recovery and electricity generation process were developed using AspenPlus and Aspen HYSYS. The process was analysed for different design conditions (temperature, autothermal condition, air flow, oxygen carrier flow) in the CLG process. It was found that in a typical pulp mill producing 800 000 adt per year, 375 kg- CO2/adt (14 % of total emissions from the process) can be inherently separated for storage to achieve negative emissions, if the multi-fuel boiler is replaced with a CLG unit. This process will also be able to generate 360-504 kWh/adt H2 depending on the design conditions in the CLG process. Heat recovered from the CLG unit can be utilized in capturing approximately 13 % additional CO2 from other sources in the pulp mill. Process analysis for different design conditions in CLG (temperature, airflow, oxygen carrier flow) have been presented. The key performance indicators were CO2 capture rates, H2 generated and net electrical output from the process.

Utsläpp av CO2 till atmosfären bidrar till ökningen av globala temperaturer. Industrisektorn står för 20 % av utsläppen och utav dessa kommer 6 % från pappers- och massaindustrin. För att lyckas minska den globala temperaturhöjningen till under 1,5 °C hjälper det inte bara att minska utsläppen. Även negativa utsläpp måste genereras. Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka implementeringen av CLG för att separera CO2 på ett energieffektivt sätt och samtidigt generera H2 och elektricitet. Processanalyser genomfördes för att undersöka möjligheten att implementera CLG-processen till ett typiskt massabruk. Processmodeller togs fram for att undersöka CLG, värmeåtervinning samt elektricitetsgenerering. Processmodellerna utvecklades med hjälp av Aspen Plus och Aspen HYSYS. De framtagna modellerna analyserades sedan med avseende på olika designparametrar inom CLG-processen. På ett typiskt massabruk som producerar 800 000 adt varje ˚ar kan 375 kg CO2/adt separeras och då uppnå negativa utsläpp, genom att byta ut multi-fuel forsrännaren med en CLG process. Den framtagna processmodellen skulle också kunna generera 360-504 kWh/adt av H2 beroende på de designparametrar som används för CLG-processen. Enligt modellen kan värme som ˚återvinns från processen användas för att fånga upp ytterligare 13 % av CO2 från andra delar av bruket. Processanalys för olika designparametrar inom CLG systemet så som temperatur, luftflöde och flödet av syrgasbärare har presenterats. Nyckeltalen som undersöktes var den mängd CO2 som kunde fångas upp, mängd H2 genererad samt överskottet av elektricitet som produceras när multi-fuel förbränningen byts ut mot en CLG-process på ett typiskt massa bruk. / Emissions of CO2 to the atmosphere are contributing to the global temperature rise. The industrial sector contributed to 20 % of the emissions and out of that, 6 % are generated from the pulp and paper industry. To limit the temperature increase below 1,5 °C, the emissions not only need to be reduced but also negative emissions should be generated from different sectors. The purpose of this study is to realize the implementation of Chemical Looping Gasification (CLG) to separate CO2 (for permanent storage) in an energy-efficient way while co-generating H2 as well as electricity. Process analysis was carried out to investigate the possibility of substituting the multifuel boiler in a typical pulp mill with a CLG process. Process models for the CLG, heat recovery and electricity generation process were developed using Aspen  Plus and Aspen HYSYS. The process was analysed for different design conditions (temperature, autothermal condition, air flow, oxygen carrier flow) in the CLG process. It was found that in a typical pulp mill producing 800 000 adt per year, 375 kg- CO2/adt (14 % of total emissions from the process) can be inherently separated for storage to achieve negative emissions, if the multi-fuel boiler is replaced with a CLG unit. This process will also be able to generate 360-504 kWh/adt H2 depending on the design conditions in the CLG process. Heat recovered from the CLG unit can be utilized in capturing approximately 13 % additional CO2 from other sources in the pulp mill. Process analysis for different design conditions in CLG (temperature, airflow, oxygen carrier flow) have been presented. The key performance indicators were CO2 capture rates, H2 generated and net electrical output from the process.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T14:01:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 3204429 bytes, checksum: bb0afea4fc4ece0c42828bf3aa84a915 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-07-08 / This work shows the results using of advanced control algorithm and soft-sensor to increase the efficiency of the stage of pre-vaporization in the cooking plant process of extracting pulp, by optimizing the level of the Diamondback® chip bin. The extraction system chips presents several obstacles to effective control, such as: (1) points without stack of chips during the transition movement of the extraction system bin in the storage chips and consequently sudden decrease in the volume of chip bin, (2) compaction and uneven stack height causing high variability in the volume of chip bin, (3) without information in real time position of the threads in the operating display (4) high travel time between the extraction system and measurement points (volume of the silo and the balance volume). To eliminating the section without chips were available eight virtual switches limits, positioned by operator, on the operation screen, limiting the transition movement of the extraction system chips. The new control strategy the measurement is performed by a soft-sensor that predicts the volume of chips, using multiple linear regression. Using soft-sensor to measurement volume, so the retention time of the system was eliminate and decrease the variability of volume of chips bin. Using this new control strategy allied with soft-sensor proved to be adequate to solve the problem, the system became able to request of the Andritz company (70% + / - 10% of measurement section), The new control algorithm efficiency depends of the adjustments, tuning and learning with the system in operation.´ / Este trabalho mostra os resultados da utilização de algoritmo avançado de controle e sensores virtuais para aumentar a eficiência da etapa de pré-vaporização do digestor contínuo no processo de extração de polpa celulósica, através da otimização do nível do silo de cavacos. O sistema de extração de cavacos apresenta vários obstáculos para um controle eficaz, tais como: (1) pontos sem pilha de cavacos durante o movimento de translação das roscas provocando queda repentina do volume de cavacos e consequentemente queda repentina do nível de cavacos; (2) compactação e altura da pilha desuniforme provocando alta variabilidade do nível de cavacos; (3) inexistência de informação em tempo real da posição das roscas na tela de operação (4) elevado atraso de medição de vazão e nível de cavacos devido a distância das roscas ao pontos de medições (nível do silo e a balança volumétrica). Para eliminar os pontos sem pilhas de cavacos foram elaboradas oito chaves de fim de curso virtuais, cujo posicionamento é realizado pelo operador na tela de operação para limitar o curso de translação das roscas. Na nova estratégia de controle a medição é realizada por um sensor virtual que prediz já na saída das roscas o volume deslocado, empregando regressão linear múltipla. Com a utilização dos sensores virtuais de volume deslocado, eliminou-se o tempo de retenção do sistema, tornando mais uniforme o volume de cavacos para o silo. A utilização desta nova estratégia de controle aliadas aos sensores virtuais mostrou-se adequada para a resolução do problema, tornou-se o sistema capaz de atender a solicitação do fabricante Andritz (70% do volume de medição +/- 10%). A eficiência do novo algoritmo de controle depende de ajustes, sintonia e de aprendizado com o sistema em operação.