Esta Tesis Doctoral presenta un sistema automatizado de inspección no destructiva de materiales usando ultrasonidos para la detección de heterogeneidades en piezas metálicas, en concreto, de acero al carbono de tipo S275JR. Para ello, se han utilizado guías lineales que se han automatizado con motores paso a paso cuyos movimientos se controlan desde el computador, mediante una aplicación gráfica diseñada específicamente para este trabajo. Una vez detectados los defectos, se permite una posterior clasificación de los defectos según morfología, posición y tamaño con programas que utilizan algoritmos basados en Reconocimiento de Patrones. Tras su ejecución se obtienen los informes de resultados indicando la estimación de los datos buscados. / This Thesis presents an automated system to the inspection of materials using ultrasounds to the detection of heterogeneities in metallic pieces, in particular, carbon steel S275JR. For that, it used linear guides that have been automated with stepper motors, whose movements are controlled from the computer using a graphic application designed specifically to this research. When defects are detected, it allows the later classification of defects according to their morphology, size and position with programs that use algorithms based on Pattern Recognition. After execution of the programs, results reports provide an optimal estimation of expected data.

This dissertation is focused on the research of the applicability of the thermographic method in the diagnosis of concrete bridges in the Czech Republic. The theoretical part characterizes selected defects of concrete structures and the principle of their detection. The practical part describes the measurements made in the laboratory on the test specimen and the field on the concrete bridge. Most attention is paid to infrared thermography, ground-penetrating radar and ultrasonic pulse-echo method. Based on the results of the dissertation, recommendations for the use of the thermographic test method in practice were developed.

A piezoelectric impedance-based structural health monitoring technique was developed at the Center for Intelligent Material Systems and Structures. It has been successfully implemented on several complex structures to detect incipient-type damage such as small cracks or loose connections. However, there are still some problems to be solved before full scale development and commercialization can take place. These include: i) the damage assessment is influenced by ambient temperature change; ii) the sensing area is small; and iii) the ability to identify the damage location is poor. The objective of this research is to solve these problems in order to apply the impedance-based structural health monitoring technique to real structures. First, an empirical compensation technique to minimize the temperature effect on the damage assessment has been developed. The compensation technique utilizes the fact that the temperature change causes vertical and horizontal shifts of the signature pattern in the impedance versus frequency plot, while damage causes somewhat irregular changes. Second, a new impedance-based technique that uses multiple piezoelectric sensor-actuators has been developed which extends the sensing area. The new technique relies on the measurement of electrical transfer admittance, which gives us mutual information between multiple piezoelectric sensor-actuators. We found that this technique increases the sensing region by at least an order of magnitude. Third, a time domain technique to identify the damage location has been proposed. This technique also uses multiple piezoelectric sensors and actuators. The basic idea utilizes the pulse-echo method often used in ultrasonic testing, together with wavelet decomposition to extract traveling pulses from a noisy signal. The results for a one-dimensional structure show that we can determine the damage location to within a spatial resolution determined by the temporal resolution of the data acquisition. The validity of all these techniques has been verified by proof-of-concept experiments. These techniques help bring conventional impedance-based structural health monitoring closer to full scale development and commercialization. / Master of Science