Functional size is among the few software size measures for which well-structured and standardized methods exists for its measurement. Although Functional Size Measurement(FSM) methods have gone a long way, one ongoing criticism on FSM methods is the discrepancies in the measurement results of the same software obtained by different measures. In this thesis study the sources of discrepancies that involve the functional properties of measurands and constructs of the FSM method models are investigated in two exploratory case studies. In the light of the findings, a software functionality model for functional size measurement is proposed. The model is founded on a characterization of software functionality from a requirements engineering point of view and it aims is to facilitate reliable size measurements on the basis of formalized concepts and rules. Two case studies are conducted in order to evaluate the applicability of the model and validate its effectiveness.

In this study, value of demand information and the importance of option contracts are investigated for a supply chain consisting of a buyer and two suppliers in a single period setting. One supplier is cheap but prone to disruptions whereas the other one is perfectly reliable but expensive. At the beginning of the period, buyer orders from the unreliable supplier and reserves from the reliable supplier through a contract that gives buyer an option to use reserved units after getting disruption information of first supplier. We introduce three models which differ in terms of the level of information available when the ordering decisions are made. In the full information model, the options are exercised after getting disruption and demand information / in the partial information model, the options are exercised after getting disruption information before demand information. In the no information model, there is no options contract and units are ordered from the reliable supplier when buyer has no information about demand and disruption. Through the analysis of these models, we explore the value of advance demand and disruption information in the presence of an options contract.

The objective of this dissertation is to investigate the non-Darcy flow effects on field base data by considering gas viscosity, gas deviation factor and gas density as variables. To achieve it, different correlations from the literature and field data have been combined to Sawyer-Brown Method, thus a contribution has been achieved. Production history of selected gas field has been implemented to a numerical simulator. To find out non-Darcy effects quantitatively, Darcy flow conditions have also been run in the simulator for each scenario in addition to non-Darcy flow correlation runs. Extracted data from simulation runs have been analyzed on the basis of Sawyer-Brown Method by introducing several correlations to consider gas viscosity, gas deviation factor and gas density as variables. Engineering and scientific research on non-Darcy flow is still being conducted in order for better understanding the nonlinear flow behavior of fluids through porous media. The deviations from Darcy&rsquo / s Law are attributed to the occurrence of all or alternating combinations of factors that can be categorized as the anisotropy of porosity and permeability, multi-phase flow of fluids in varying phases, magnitude of pressure drop and the subsequent phase change in fluids, and the change in flow regime at elevated rates of flow in porous media. Throughout this dissertation, the factors causing deviations from Darcy flow behavior have been investigated.

ABSTRACT EXCHANGES OF STRONTIUM ON CLINOPTILOLITE ZEOLITE G&Uuml / L, &Ouml / zkan MS, Department of Chemical Engineering Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Hayrettin Y&uuml / cel November 2003, 110 Pages Sr-90 and Cs-137, nuclear fission products, are the major sources of medium-level radioactive waste which must be decontaminated. Inorganic ion exchangers are the preferred materials to eliminate radioisotopes from aqueous nuclear waste because of their high selectivity, radiation and thermal stability, low cost and likely compatibility with cement containment. Clinoptilolite and other zeolites are widely used in nuclear industry for the removal of radioisotopes from aqueous nuclear waste. In this study, the performance of local clinoptilolite zeolite from G&ouml / rdes region has been investigated so as to determine the conditions under which it can be used effectively in the column for strontium and cesium removal. It was found that under different loading conditions, breakthrough capacity varied from 0 to 0.4078 meq/g for strontium removal, breakthrough capacity varied from 0.1178 to 0.7800 meq/g for cesium removal. It was also determined that the increase of the flow rate reduced the exchange capacity of the bed. Effect of cationic form of the zeolite (Na-CLI: Sodium form of clinoptilolite and Original-CLI: Original form of clinoptilolite) on the breakthrough capacity was also searched. It was observed that Na-CLI performed much better for the removal of strontium and cesium with respect to its original form. In addition, effect of presence of calcium in the feed solution on the breakthrough capacity was investigated and it was found that presence of calcium in the feed solution makes strontium removal essentially impossible, in the case of cesium, presence of calcium in the feed solution decreases breakthrough capacity significantly.

ABSTRACT ENCAPSULATION OF WHEAT GERM OIL Yazicioglu, Basak M.Sc., Department of Food Engineering Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Serpil Sahin Co- Supervisor: Prof. Dr. G&uuml / l&uuml / m Sumnu February 2013, 82 pages Wheat germ oil is a rich source of omega 3 and omega 6, octacosanol and tocopherol which has vitamin E activity. Due to these properties it is beneficial for health but it is prone to oxidation in free form. The aim of this study was to encapsulate wheat germ oil in micron size and determine the best encapsulation conditions by analysing encapsulation efficiency, particle size distribution and surface morphology of the capsules. The effects of core to coating ratio, coating materials ratio and ultrasonication time on encapsulation of wheat germ oil were investigated. Maltodextrin (MD) and whey protein concentrate (WPC) at different ratios (3:1, 2:2, 1:3) were used as coating materials. Total solid content of all samples was 40% (w/w). Five different core to coating ratios (1:8, 1:4, 2:4, 3:4, 4:4) were experimented. Ultrasound was used at 320 W and 20 kHz frequency for three different times (2, 5, 10 min). Prepared emulsions were frozen and then freeze dried for 48 hours to obtain microcapsules. Encapsulation efficiency analysis, particle size analysis and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis were performed. Increasing WPC content in coating led to an increase in encapsulation efficiency. Microcapsules prepared with MD:WPC ratio of 1:3 were found to have higher encapsulation efficiencies (65.62%-89.62%) than the other ratios. Increase in oil load led to decrease in encapsulation efficiency thus 1:8 core to coating ratio gave better results. The best conditions for microcapsules were determined as ultrasonication time 10 min, core to coating ratio of 1:8 and MD:WPC ratio 1:3.

Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensors are commonly used in optical alignment, ophthalmology, astronomy, adaptive optics and commercial optical testing. Wavefront error measurement yields Zernike polynomials which provide useful data for alignment correction calculations. In this thesis a practical alignment method of a helmet visor is proposed based on the wavefront error measurements. The optical system is modeled in Zemax software in order to collect the Zernike polynomial data necessary to relate the error measurements to the positioning of the visor. An artificial neural network based computer program is designed and trained with the data obtained from Zernike simulation in Zemax software and then the program is able to find how to invert the misalignments in the system. The performance of this alignment correction method is compared with the optical test setup measurements.

Geographically located materials are used by the archaeology to analyze and explain the socio-cultural aspects of ancient life. Thus, Geographical Information Systems (GIS) have started to be used in archaeology for many applications. Although, cooperation of GIS and archaeology is considered as beneficial, it has become insufficient to meet the requirements of archaeologists about excavation study. Therefore, the aim of this thesis is to develop Spatial Decision Support System (SDSS) which includes both the GIS tools and analyses and / analytical modeling capabilities in order to satisfy the needs of archaeologists. Moreover, to develop a specialized system for specific archaeological excavation site is aimed. In this study, Kaunos is selected as a case study area and in order to furnish this aim, firstly, needs of archaeologists working in the excavation study of Kaunos are analyzed. Secondly, GIS tools and analyses are determined which meet the requirements of archaeologists. Finally, SDSS for Kaunos Archaeological Excavation Site is developed. It is composed of four components namely / Database Management, Model Management, Dialog Management and Stakeholder Components. Analyses are conducted under the Model Management Component and results are visualized in Dialog Management Component. Result maps help and assist archaeologists in terms of interpreting and examining the socio-cultural, economical and demographical characteristics of Kaunos.

In this thesis, the pulse diversity technique in radar systems in high clutter environments is investigated. In this technique, different pulse compression methods are used in each pulse in the transmitted burst to increase the unambiguous range. In pulse diversity, the design of filters used in the receiver is as important as designing the transmitted waveform. At the output of pulse-burst filter that processes pulse-by-pulse, as many channels as the pulses in the burst occur. Each of these channels is matched to a certain range interval. In order to improve the detector performance, the phase codes used in the transmitted pulse-burst waveform and their corresponding filters must have good auto-correlation and cross-correlation properties, either individually or as their sum. In the literature some phase codes, having mentioned properties, are present. However, the performance of these codes in radar applications is not fully evaluated. The studies in the thesis show that the codes in the literature cannot be used directly in radar applications. In the scope of thesis, optimization criteria suitable for radar applications are defined and applied according to the mentioned requirements. Then, the obtained phase codes are tested in the radar simulator and the obtained results of the simulations are evaluated.

This thesis presents the formation mechanism of intermetallics formed at Fe-Al film interfaces. Al thin films with different initial film thicknesses were coated on low carbon steel substrates by physical vapor deposition (PVD). By annealing the system at different temperatures and for different time intervals, several intermetallic phases were observed. X-Ray, SEM and EDS studies showed that intermetallic phases FeAl2 and Fe2Al5 are most dominant phases which were observed and they formed sequentially on the contrary of intermetallics which formed synchronous in bulk materials.

The objective of this study is to determine the mean heat transfer coefficient and heat transfer rate and to analyse the effect of inclination angles,the effect of subcooling temperatures and the effect of vapour velocity for laminar filmwise condensation of water vapour on a vertical tier of spheres experimentaly and analyticaly. For this purpose, the experimental aparatus were designed and manufactured. In the free condensation experimental study &Oslash / 50mm and &Oslash / 60 mm O.D. spheres were used to analyse the diameter effect . In the experimental studies of free and forced condensation &Oslash / 60mm O.D. spheres on which vapour flows at 2,75 bars were used to analyse the effect of vapour velocity. For the experimental study of the annular condensation in the concentric spheres the effect of vapour velocity was studied by forcing the vapour to flow in the area between two concentric spheres. In the free condensation experiments it is observed that at smaller diameters the heat flux and mean heat transfer coefficients for sphere is higher. In the free and forced condensation experiments increasing the velocity of vapour increases the mean heat transfer coefficient. At the experiments with annular condensation between the concentric spheres high mean heat transfer coefficient values have been obtained compared to the free and forced condansation over the surface of spheres experimental studies.