Dissimilar Channel Angular Pressing (DCAP) method is an effective Severe Plastic Deformation (SPD) technique to improve the mechanical properties of sheets or strips by producing ultrafine grains. The aim of this study is to investigate the evolution of the microstructure and the improvement in mechanical properties of 6061 Al-alloy strips deformed by DCAP up to 5 passes. Mechanical properties such as hardness and strength have been observed to increase up to a certain strain level depending on the microstructural evolution. These microstructural changes were investigated by the characterization studies of XRD, SEM and TEM analysis of the DCAPed samples indicating the subgrain formation, changes in the dislocation density and dislocation behaviors.

Herbal teas and fruit juices used in our regular diet may have importance in the protective treatment of some infectious diseases. In this study, selected dietary beverages were investigated for their antioxidant capacities and antimicrobial activities against Proteus mirabilis, a well known bacteria in urinary tract infections. Herbal teas / sage (Salvia fruticosa Mill), anise (Pimpinella anisum L.), rosehip (Rosa canina L.), camomile (Anthemis arvensis L.) and fruit juices / grape (Vitis vinifera L.), orange (Citrus sinensis L.), peach (Prunus persica L.), and pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) were chosen as samples of regular diets. Selected fruit juices and aqueous infusion tea extracts, lyophilised to dryness, were used throughout this study. Antioxidant capacities of the extracts were carried out by using 2,2&rsquo / -azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radical scavenging (ABTS) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging (DPPH) methods along with the determination of total phenolic compounds in the extracts. Antimicrobial activities of extracts were determined by disc diffusion test, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) methods. Among the herbal teas, sage infusion extract has displayed the highest radical scavenging capacity with ABTS EC50 value of 5.152 mg/mL, DPPH EC50 value of 0.072 mg/mL and with its high phenolic content of 0.411 mg/mg gallic acid equivalence. Among the fruit juices pomegranate has revealed significantly high DPPH EC50 and TEAC values 0.924 mg/mL and 0.552 mmol/g, respectively. Peach juice has been found with the highest total phenolic amount of 0.067 mg/mg gallic acid equivalent. Antimicrobial activities of herbal teas were correlating with antioxidant capacity studies, whereas sage infusion tea extract exhibited 3 mg/mL of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and 6 mg/mL of minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). Rosehip was also found as an effective antimicrobial agent with a minimum inhibitory concentration value of 3 mg/mL. In the meantime, there was no significant difference in the zone inhibition of herbal tea infusion extracts. In case of fruit juices grape and pomegranate may be effective antimicrobials in P. mirabilis infections with 0.75 mg/mL MIC and 6 mg/mL MBC, respectively at the same time both juices revealed significantly high inhibition zones with 11 mm.

The main objective of this study was to investigate the fibers and their effects and availability in ketchup (tomato fiber) and cake (wheat bran fiber) production. In order to this, rheological properties of ketchups with tomato fiber, and cake (100, 80, 60 g flour formulations) with wheat bran fiber in different concentrations were investigated. Tomato powder in ketchup and wheat bran in cake was used for comparison. The samples studied had pseudoplastic behavior having a definite yield stress with a good fit for the Herschel-Bulkley model. The viscosity and yield stress values increased as the percentage of fiber increased. Moreover the samples were found to be more elastic than viscous (G&rsquo / &gt / G&rsquo / &rsquo / ). Both G&rsquo / and G&rsquo / &rsquo / values increased with oscillatory frequency, percentage of fiber, and in cake samples decreased as the amount of flour decreased. Stability measurements of ketchups studied were done by using Lumisizer. The microstructure of tomato powder, wheat bran and fibers were investigated under SEM. It was seen that the fibers had branched, long and thin structure while the other two had lumy and thick structure. The pressure used, resulted in this structure with increased surface area and finally increased water holding capacity in fibers. Moreover, texture of cakes prepared was all investigated in terms of volume, outer surface, hardness, cohesiveness and gumminess. Finally it was found to be possible to produce healthier ketchups and cakes with fiber in a good quality by decreasing the other undesired ingredients.

Compounding, constructing new words out of previously known words by means of simple concatenation mostly, can be counted as one of the major word production mechanisms in the majority of languages. Their importance in the history of human languages warrants a detailed study with respect to the language faculty and related cognitive aspects. In the last decade, compound production as well as comprehension have become highly debated and investigated areas of research. Morphological priming is one frequently employed paradigm for the investigation of compounding. Whether morphologically complex words undergo a decomposition-composition process, respectively, during comprehension and production or whether they are all listed in full form in the lexicon is one key question hitherto addressed in several studies related to English, German, Dutch and Chinese nominal compound words. The present study is concerned with compound production in Turkish. Various types of Turkish compounds were investigated ((i) bare JCs (

The concept of classification is used and examined by the scientific community for hundreds of years. In this historical process, different methods and algorithms have been developed and used. Today, although the classification algorithms in literature use different methods, they are acting on a similar basis. This basis is setting the desired data into classes by using defined properties, with a different discourse / an effort to establish a relationship between known features with unknown result. This study was intended to bring a different perspective to this common basis. In this study, not only the basic features of data are used, the class of the data is also included as a parameter. The aim of this method is also using the information in the algorithm that come from a known value. In other words, the class, in which the data is included, is evaluated as an input and the data set is transferred to a higher dimensional space which is a new working environment. In this new environment it is not a classification problem anymore, but a clustering problem. Although this logic is similar with Kernel Methods, the methodologies are different from the way that how they transform the working space. In the projected new space, the clusters based on calculations performed with the Mahalanobis Distance are evaluated in original space with two different heuristics which are center-based and KNN-based algorithm. In both heuristics, increase in classification success rates achieved by this methodology. For center based algorithm, which is more sensitive to new input parameter, up to 8% of enhancement is observed.

The main objective of this study was the application of solar energy for drying of parboiled wheat, corn and pea. Drying experiments were performed under open sun and also in the solar-spouted bed drier in which air heated by solar energy was used. The effects of these drying methods on drying rate and quality parameters were investigated for drying of parboiled wheat, corn and pea. The quality parameters evaluated were color, shrinkage, bulk density, apparent density, bulk and internal porosity, microstructure, pore size distribution, sphericity and rehydration ratio. For peas, ascorbic acid content was also measured. In solar-spouted bed drying, drying rates and effective diffusivity values for all samples were determined to be higher and therefore drying time was significantly lower as compared to open sun drying. Effective diffusivities were in the range of 0.30x10-10 m2/s - 0.65x10-10 m2/s for open sun and 1.35x10-10 m2/s - 3.65x10-10 m2/s for solar-spouted bed drying of different samples. In general, better quality parameters for solar-spouted bed dried samples were observed such as less shrinkage, higher rehydration capacities, more homogenous pore size distribution and higher ascorbic acid retention.

Slope movements cause considerable damage to life and property in Turkey as well as in the world. Although they do not typically cause loss of life, slow landslide movements can severely damage structures, interrupt the serviceability of lifelines / and, related stabilization efforts can be too costly. Most of these slow-moving landslides are reactivated landslides in stiff clays and shales, and they are mainly triggered by rainfall induced high pore water pressures. In this study, a number of reactivated, slow-moving landslide case histories with extensive pore pressure and movement data are selected for further analysis. For these landslides, the relation between pore water pressures, factor of safety and rate of movements of the slide are investigated by using limit equilibrium and finite element methods. It is found that there is a nonlinear relationship between these three variables. Sensitivity of slow moving landslides to changes in pore water pressure is developed by defining the percent change in factor of safety and percent change in pore pressure coefficient, for 10-fold change in velocity. Such relations could especially be useful in planning required level of remediation, for example, to decide on how many meters the ground water level should be lowered at a certain piezometric location, so that the stability increases to a desired level of F.S., and movement rates are reduced to an acceptable slow rate.

The application of carbon-dioxide injection for enhanced oil recovery and/or sequestration purposes has gained impetus in the last decade. It is known that well test analysis plays a crucial role on getting information about reservoir properties, boundary conditions, etc. Although there are some studies related to the well test analysis in the fractured reservoirs, most of them are not focused on the carbon dioxide injection into the reservoir. Naturally fractured reservoirs (NFR) represent an important percentage of the worldwide hydrocarbon reserves and current production. Reservoir simulation is a fundamental technique in characterizing this type of reservoirs. Fracture properties are often not clear due to difficulty to characterize the fracture systems. On the other hand, well test analysis is a well known and widely applied reservoir characterization technique. Well testing in NFR provides two significant characteristic parameters, storativity ratio (&omega / ) and interporosity flow coefficient (&lambda / ). The storativity ratio is related to fracture porosity. The interporosity flow coefficient can be linked to the shape factor which is a function of fracture spacing. In this study, the effects of fracture and fluid flow factors (geometry, orientation and flow properties) on pressure and pressure derivative behavior are studied by applying a reservoir simulation model. Model is utilized mainly for the observation of multiphase flow effects in CO2 flooded fractured reservoirs. Several runs are conducted for various ranges of the aforementioned properties in the CO2 flooded reservoir. Results of well test analysis are compared to the input data of simulation models on a parameter basis.

It is observed that the flowing bottom-hole temperature (FBHT) changes as a result of production, injection or shutting the well down. Variations in temperature mainly occur due to geothermal gradient, injected fluid temperature, frictional heating and the Joule-Thomson effect. The latter is the change of temperature because of expansion or compression of a fluid in a flow process involving no heat transfer or work. CMG STARS thermal simulation sector model developed in this study was used to analyze FBHT changes and understand the reasons. Twenty three main and five additional cases that were developed by using this model were simulated and relation of BHT with other parameters was investigated. Indeed the response of temperature to the change of some parameters such as bottom-hole pressure and gas-oil ratio was detected and correlation was tried to set between these elements. Observations showed that generally FBHT increases when GOR decreases and/or flowing bottom-hole pressure (FBHP) increases. This information allows estimating daily gas-oil ratios from continuously measured BHT. Results of simulation were compared with a real case and almost the same responses were seen. The increase in temperature after the start of water and gas injection or due to stopping of neighboring production wells indicated interwell communications. Additional cases were run to determine whether there are BHT changes when initial temperature was kept constant throughout the reservoir. Different iteration numbers and refined grids were used during these runs to analyze iteration errors / however no significant changes were observed due to iteration number differences and refined grids. These latter cases showed clearly that variations of temperature don&rsquo / t occur only due to geothermal gradient, but also pressure and saturation changes. On the whole, BHT can be used to get data ranging from daily gas-oil ratios to interwell connection if analyzed correctly.

This study aimed synthesizing hydroxylapatite (HA) and Zn2+, F- and Cl- doped HA by solution precipitation method. The synthesized compounds were sintered at 1100&deg / C for 1h. For structural characterization, density of the samples were measured by Archimedes&rsquo / method. It was observed that Zn2+ addition increased the density significantly whereas F- caused a decrease and Cl- increased the density with a little amount. XRD was applied to the samples and it was found that co-doping of Zn2+ and F- ions decreased the unit cell volume of HA with F- addition. Other compositions gave fluctuated results in terms of unit cell volumes. HA phase and a little amount of CaO phase were detected in some samples. FTIR spectroscopy was used to detect whether Zn2+, F- and Cl- ions were incorporated to the HA structure or not by observing the bands corresponding to the bonds in the molecules. The amount of addition was also detected by FTIR. Results showed that ion incorporation to the HA structure was done successfully. SEM images were v analyzed and grain sizes of samples were calculated by Rietvelt analysis. Grain sizes of the samples increased by Cl- addition and decreased by Zn2+ and/or F- addition. For mechanical characterization, Vickers microhardness test was applied. Fracture toughness was calculated from Vickers microhardness results. According to the results, the highest microhardness values were found for F- and Zn2+ co-doped samples. It was also shown that fracture toughness decreased by Zn2+ addition. However, Zn2+ and F- co-doped samples gave higher fracture toughness results when compared with pure HA. Cl- addition also decreased the fracture toughness. The best compositions in terms of structural and mechanical properties was chosen as Zn2+ and F- co-doped samples and biological characterization was applied to these samples. Saos-2 cell line was used in biological examinations. For biological characterizations, Alamar Blue&trade / assay to detect viability and alkaline phosphatase activity (ALP) assay to detect differentiation were done. It was observed that 2 mol.% Zn2+ addition increased the cell viability and alkaline phosphatase activity. 1 mol.% F- addition also improved cell viability and alkaline phosphatase activiy. SEM images were analyzed to observe the morphology of the cells on HA and selected doped HA discs. In accordance with Alamar Blue&trade / assay and alkaline phosphatase activity assay, cells showed dendritic shapes on 2 Zn and 2 Zn 1 F sample which was the indicator of good material-cell interaction. Dissolution test was also applied by immersing the samples in simulated body fluid (SBF). pH change and SEM images for Ca2+ deposition were investigated. Increase in pH change with time was observed. F- included samples gave the lowest pH change results, especially 2 Zn 1 F. Dissolution pits and some apatitic formations were observed in SEM images.