• Refine Query
  • Source
  • Publication year
  • to
  • Language
  • 12
  • 8
  • 3
  • 2
  • 2
  • 2
  • 1
  • 1
  • Tagged with
  • 35
  • 19
  • 18
  • 12
  • 11
  • 11
  • 10
  • 10
  • 10
  • 8
  • 8
  • 8
  • 6
  • 5
  • 5
  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
31

Managing long-term risks of investments within the health care sector : - Supporting decision making processes using financial theory / Hantering av långsiktiga risker vid investeringar i den offentliga sjukvården : - Främjandet av beslutsprocesser genom finansiell teori

Bergström, Andreas, Enström, Pontus January 2021 (has links)
ATMP (Advanced Therapy Medicinal Products) is a new type of treatment with the potential to cure otherwise severe and even deadly diseases, for which there are only inhibitive medicine available. This means that the healthcare sector now have access to treatments that greatly increases the number of QALY:s received. However, the problem with the implementation of ATMP lies within the disparity between its large upfront costs and the return, which is spread over a long time-period. There is also the problem with lack of information, causing further risks when investing in ATMP. Seeing as the treatment is a “one-off” where the results are uncertain, and the costs are high and lumped together at the beginning. By constructing a laboratory setting we analyze the health evaluating outcome when changing endogenous variables and modelling scenarios from real world estimates, forming a hypothetical base case which represents the difficulty decision makers face when evaluating treatments with ATMP- characteristics. Furthermore, we find that there is a prominent cost difference between the two alternatives as well as an enhanced sensitivity to the methodologically execution. To mitigate the risk of these types of long-term investments we present different types of strategies, which are built upon financial theory by the utilization of options and swaps. We also suggest using these payment schemes based upon our results, this can open opportunities to elude the decision uncertainty present for these types of long-term investments within the public healthcare sector. Making use of real options and venture capitalist structures we present a variety of solutions that might be suitable for different types of scenarios and ATMP:s. These different types of payment solutions and risk mitigating strategies could potentially also be used in combination with each other depending on the availability of a counterparty and the duration of the contract. In conclusion, we find that financial theory can mediate decisionmakers in situations that suffer from ATMP characteristics. We find financial solutions that can price long-term uncertainty and alleviate irreversibility from decisionmakers. Relying on already preferred solutions in the health sector i.e., negotiated contracts and outcome-based payment structures, financial theory has the possibility to use public funds more effectively with mitigated uncertainty. / ATMP (Avancerade terapiläkemedel) är en ny typ av behandling som har potentialen att bota i andra fall allvarliga och även dödliga sjukdomar, för vilka det enbart finns lindrande åtgärder eller inga alternativa behandlingar alls. Detta betyder att sjukvården numer har tillgång till behandlingar som ökar antalet erhållna QALY:s avsevärt. Problematiken vid implementeringen av ATMP ligger däremot i de stora engångskostnaderna som tillkommer direkt och de hälsoeffekter som de ger, vilka återfinns på lång sikt. Det finns även en problematik i informationsbristen, vilket skapar risker vid investeringar i ATMP. Anledningen till detta är att behandlingen är en engångsbehandling med osäkra resultat och höga kostnader. Genom att konstruera en analysmodell skapar vi ett basscenario utifrån vilket vi kan ändrade variabler för att generera olika utfall som ska representera underlaget till vilket beslutfattare ska agera. Vid 1000 iterationer kan vi visa hur ATMP är överlägset en konventionell behandling för t.ex. akut lymfatisk leukemi när det kommer till att generera QALY:s. Vidare finner vi att det finns en framträdande kostnadsskillnad mellan de två alternativen samt en ökad känslighet för metodologiskt utförande. För att främja beslutsprocessen och hantera risken vid den här typen av långsiktiga investeringen lägger vi fram olika typer av strategier som är rotade i finansiell teori genom nyttjandet av optioner och swappar. Vi föreslår betalningslösningar som är baserade på de resultat vi fick och som har möjligheten att minska beslutosäkerheten som uppstår vid den här typen av långsiktiga investeringar inom sjukvården. Genom att använda realoptioner och riskkapitaliststrukturer ger vi en bred mängd lösningar som kan vara lämpliga för olika typer av scenarion och avancerade terapiläkemedel. Dessa olika typer av betalningslösningar och riskhanteringsstrategier kan potentiellt även användas i kombination med varandra, beroende på tillgången till en motpart och längden på kontraktet. Sammanfattningsvis finner vi att finansiell teori kan hjälpa beslutsfattare i situationer som lider av ATMP karakteristik. Vi föreslår finansiella lösningar som kan hjälpa till med att prissätta osäkerhet på lång sikt och minska irriversibiliteten från beslutsfattaren. Vi använder väletablerade metoder och föredragna betalningslösningar, det vill säga förhandlade kontrakt och evidensbaserade betalningsstrukturer, tillsammans med finansiell teori för att konstruera betalningslösningar som använder offentliga medel mer effektivt och ger lägre osäkerhet.
Read more
32

Magmassage vid förstoppning upplevelser, effekter och kostnadseffektivitet /

Lämås, Kristina, January 2009 (has links)
Diss. (sammanfattning)--Umeå : Umeå universitet, 2009. / Härtill 4 uppsatser. Även tryckt utgåva.
33

Custo-efetividade e custo-utilidade dos tratamentos clínico, cirúrgico e percutâneo em portadores de doença coronariana multiarterial estável / Cost-effectiveness and cost-utility of surgery, angioplasty, or medical therapy in patients with multivessel coronary artery disease

Sara Michelly Gonçalves Brandão 05 December 2018 (has links)
Introdução - Os custos para o tratamento da doença arterial coronariana (DAC) são altos em todo o mundo. Foi realizada uma análise post hoc de custo-efetividade de três estratégias terapêuticas para DAC multiarterial. Métodos - De maio de 1995 a maio de 2000, um total de 611 pacientes foram aleatoriamente designados para CRM (n = 203), ICP (n = 205) ou TM (n = 203). Este estudo de análise de custos baseou-se na perspectiva do Sistema Público de Saúde. Os custos iniciais de procedimentos e acompanhamento de medicamentos, exames cardiológicos e hospitalizações por complicações foram calculados após a randomização. Anos de vida e anos de vida ajustados pela qualidade (QALY) foram usados como medidas de eficácia. As razões de custo-efetividade incremental (RCEI) foram obtidas usando métodos de bootstrap não paramétricos com 5.000 replicações. Resultados - Os custos iniciais do procedimento foram menores para o TM. No entanto, os custos acumulados de 5 anos foram menores para a CRM. Em comparação com a linha de base, as 3 opções de tratamento produziram melhorias significativas no QALY. Após 5 anos, a ICP e a CRM tiveram melhores resultados de QALY em comparação com o TM. Os resultados da RCEI favoreceram a CRM e a ICP quando comparadas ao TM, já a ICP em relação à CRM foi mais custo-efetiva em 61% para limiares até 3 PIB per capita por QALY. Por outro lado, a análise de sensibilidade mostrou o TM como a terapia preferida em comparação com a CRM e ICP, na análise considerando custos mais elevados. Conclusão - No seguimento de 5 anos, a ICP e CRM mostraram ser os tratamentos com QALYs cumulativos mais altos entre pacientes com DAC multiarterial quando comparados com TM. Além disso, apesar dos custos iniciais serem mais elevados, a comparação de custo-efetividade após 5 anos de acompanhamento entre os 3 tratamentos mostrou que ambas as intervenções (CRM e ICP) são estratégias custo-efetivas em comparação com a TM / Background. The costs for treating coronary artery disease (CAD) are high worldwide. We performed a post hoc analysis of cost-effectiveness of 3 therapeutic strategies for multivessel CAD. Methods. From May 1995 to May 2000, a total of 611 patients were randomly assigned to CABG (n=203), PCI (n=205), or MT (n=203). This cost analysis study was based on the perspective of the Public Health Care System. Initial procedural and follow-up costs for medications, cardiology examinations, and hospitalizations for complications were calculated after randomization. Life-years and quality-adjusted life years (QALY) were used as effectiveness measures. Incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICER) were obtained by using nonparametric bootstrapping methods with 5000 resamples. Results. Initial procedural costs were lower for MT. However, the subsequent 5-year cumulative costs were lower for CABG. Compared with baseline, the 3 treatment options produced significant improvements in QALY. After 5 years, PCI and CABG had better QALY results compared with MT. The ICER results favored CRM and PCI when compared to the TM, since the PCI in relation to the CRM was more costeffective in 61% for the thresholds up to 3 GDP per capita per QALY. On the other hand, sensitivity analysis showed MT as the preferred therapy compared with CABG and PCI, in the analysis considering higher costs. Conclusion. At 5-year follow-up, the 3 treatment options yielded improvements in quality of life, with comparable and acceptable costs. However, despite higher initial costs, the comparison of costeffectiveness after 5 years of follow-up among the 3 treatments showed both interventions (CABG and PCI) to be cost-effective strategies compared with MT
Read more
34

Custo-efetividade e custo-utilidade dos tratamentos clínico, cirúrgico e percutâneo em portadores de doença coronariana multiarterial estável / Cost-effectiveness and cost-utility of surgery, angioplasty, or medical therapy in patients with multivessel coronary artery disease

Brandão, Sara Michelly Gonçalves 05 December 2018 (has links)
Introdução - Os custos para o tratamento da doença arterial coronariana (DAC) são altos em todo o mundo. Foi realizada uma análise post hoc de custo-efetividade de três estratégias terapêuticas para DAC multiarterial. Métodos - De maio de 1995 a maio de 2000, um total de 611 pacientes foram aleatoriamente designados para CRM (n = 203), ICP (n = 205) ou TM (n = 203). Este estudo de análise de custos baseou-se na perspectiva do Sistema Público de Saúde. Os custos iniciais de procedimentos e acompanhamento de medicamentos, exames cardiológicos e hospitalizações por complicações foram calculados após a randomização. Anos de vida e anos de vida ajustados pela qualidade (QALY) foram usados como medidas de eficácia. As razões de custo-efetividade incremental (RCEI) foram obtidas usando métodos de bootstrap não paramétricos com 5.000 replicações. Resultados - Os custos iniciais do procedimento foram menores para o TM. No entanto, os custos acumulados de 5 anos foram menores para a CRM. Em comparação com a linha de base, as 3 opções de tratamento produziram melhorias significativas no QALY. Após 5 anos, a ICP e a CRM tiveram melhores resultados de QALY em comparação com o TM. Os resultados da RCEI favoreceram a CRM e a ICP quando comparadas ao TM, já a ICP em relação à CRM foi mais custo-efetiva em 61% para limiares até 3 PIB per capita por QALY. Por outro lado, a análise de sensibilidade mostrou o TM como a terapia preferida em comparação com a CRM e ICP, na análise considerando custos mais elevados. Conclusão - No seguimento de 5 anos, a ICP e CRM mostraram ser os tratamentos com QALYs cumulativos mais altos entre pacientes com DAC multiarterial quando comparados com TM. Além disso, apesar dos custos iniciais serem mais elevados, a comparação de custo-efetividade após 5 anos de acompanhamento entre os 3 tratamentos mostrou que ambas as intervenções (CRM e ICP) são estratégias custo-efetivas em comparação com a TM / Background. The costs for treating coronary artery disease (CAD) are high worldwide. We performed a post hoc analysis of cost-effectiveness of 3 therapeutic strategies for multivessel CAD. Methods. From May 1995 to May 2000, a total of 611 patients were randomly assigned to CABG (n=203), PCI (n=205), or MT (n=203). This cost analysis study was based on the perspective of the Public Health Care System. Initial procedural and follow-up costs for medications, cardiology examinations, and hospitalizations for complications were calculated after randomization. Life-years and quality-adjusted life years (QALY) were used as effectiveness measures. Incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICER) were obtained by using nonparametric bootstrapping methods with 5000 resamples. Results. Initial procedural costs were lower for MT. However, the subsequent 5-year cumulative costs were lower for CABG. Compared with baseline, the 3 treatment options produced significant improvements in QALY. After 5 years, PCI and CABG had better QALY results compared with MT. The ICER results favored CRM and PCI when compared to the TM, since the PCI in relation to the CRM was more costeffective in 61% for the thresholds up to 3 GDP per capita per QALY. On the other hand, sensitivity analysis showed MT as the preferred therapy compared with CABG and PCI, in the analysis considering higher costs. Conclusion. At 5-year follow-up, the 3 treatment options yielded improvements in quality of life, with comparable and acceptable costs. However, despite higher initial costs, the comparison of costeffectiveness after 5 years of follow-up among the 3 treatments showed both interventions (CABG and PCI) to be cost-effective strategies compared with MT
Read more
35

What have we learned from the economic impact of the Covid-19 outbreak? Critical analysis of economic factors and recommendations for the future

Marco Franco, Julio Emilio 18 October 2021 (has links)
Tesis por compendio / [ES] El brote de Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 representó un reto para la economía, la vida social y los servicios sanitarios. Justo cuando más se necesitaba la información para la planificación económica, los servicios de vigilancia y notificación no fueron capaces de ofrecer, a pesar de esfuerzos extraordinarios, datos consistentes, como así reconocieron los propios orga-nismos gubernamentales. Esta tesis incluye tres artículos publicados durante los brotes de COVID-19 y una investi-gación adicional fuera del conjunto de publicaciones. La investigación tiene como objetivo general proporcionar información a través de estimaciones alternativas. Para ello se han utilizado varias metodologías, entre ellas los modelos matemáticos de predicción epidemio-lógica, el Mejor Ajuste de Valores Relacionados (BARV), los análisis de diferentes encues-tas y la metodología bibliométrica, aprovechando u ofreciendo alternativas a los métodos bayesianos más complejos, las simulaciones de Monte Carlo o las cadenas de Markov, aun-que algunos datos obtenidos se apoyan parcialmente en estas metodologías. Cada artículo aborda un tema esencial relacionado con la pandemia COVID-19. La primera publicación se centra en los datos epidemiológicos básicos. Se refiere al primer brote de COVID-19, estimando su duración, incidencia, prevalencia, tasa de fallecimientos sobre infectados (IFR) y tasa de fallecimientos sobre casos (confirmados) (CFR). Como dato destacado de este trabajo, se previó que la seroprevalencia era demasiado baja para que la inmunidad de rebaño desempeñara algún papel. Aunque el valor obtenido fue aproxima-damente un 2% inferior al que demostró posteriormente un estudio poblacional (Instituto Carlos III), la conclusión sobre la inmunidad de rebaño no cambió, y los resultados confir-maron la idoneidad del enfoque. La segunda publicación se centró en las cuestiones legales y las noticias falsas, analizando la reticencia de la población a vacunarse, el impacto de las falsas noticas en estos comporta-mientos, las posibilidades legales de hacer obligatoria la vacuna y las posibles acciones contra los profesionales de la salud que publican noticias falsas. La principal conclusión fue que, aunque se podría encontrar una vía legal para la obligatoriedad de la vacunación, y para la persecución gubernamental de las noticias falsas, la opinión ciudadana parece prefe-rir que la administración no tome la iniciativa, por lo que se recomienda promover y fomen-tar la concienciación ciudadana. La tercera publicación presentó un modelo matemático simplificado para la estimación del coste-efectividad de la vacuna contra la COVID-19. Se actualizan los datos de dos fechas para la estimación de los costes directos para el sistema sanitario debidos a la COVID-19, computando el coste por ciudadano y por Producto Interior Bruto (PIB), así como el coste-efectividad de la vacuna. La estimó razón de coste-efectividad incremental (RCEI) para dos dosis por persona a un coste de 30 euros cada dosis (incluida la administración). Asumien-do al 70% de efectividad y con el 70% de la población vacunada resultó ser de 5.132 euros (4.926 - 5.276) por año de vida ajustado a calidad (AVAC) ganado (a 17 de febrero de 2021). Una cifra que desciende cada día de pandemia activa. Se incluyó una investigación adicional, no incorporada en el conjunto de artículos, centrada en los recursos humanos y la educación. Se analizaron los temas preocupan al personal de primera línea, es decir, a la enfermería, y cómo la pandemia ha afectado a sus publicaciones científicas, como índice de los cambios en el clima laboral que sufre este colectivo. Median-te un estudio bibliométrico comparativo entre las publicaciones de 2019 y 2020, se analizó el cambio de temas y ámbitos como reflejo del impacto del COVID-19 en el personal de enfermería. Así se comprobó que, en los ámbitos de enfermería de atención especializada, y sobre todo e / [CA] El brot de Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 va representar un repte per a l'economia, la vida soci-al i els serveis sanitaris. Quan més es necessitava la informació per a la planificació econò-mica, malgrat esforços extraordinaris, els serveis de vigilància i notificació no van ser capa-ços d'oferir dades consistents, com així van reconèixer els mateixos organismes governa-mentals. Aquesta tesi inclou tres articles publicats durant els brots de COVID-19 i una investigació addicional fora del conjunt de publicacions. La investigació té com a objectiu general pro-porcionar informació a través d'estimacions alternatives. Per a això s'han utilitzat diverses metodologies, entre elles els models matemàtics de predicció epidemiològica, el Millor Ajust de Valors Relacionats (BARV), les anàlisis de diferents enquestes i la metodologia bibliomètrica, aprofitant o oferint opcions alternatives als mètodes bayesians més comple-xos, les simulacions de Montecarlo o les cadenes de Markov, tot i que algunes dades obtin-gudes es recolzen parcialment en aquestes metodologies. Cada article aborda un tema essen-cial relacionat amb la pandèmia COVID-19. La primera publicació se centra en les dades epidemiològiques bàsiques. Es refereix al pri-mer brot de COVID-19, calculant la seua durada, incidència, prevalença, taxa de defuncions sobre infectats (IFR) i taxa de defuncions sobre casos (confirmats) (CFR). Com a dada des-tacada d'aquest treball, es va preveure que la seroprevalença era massa baixa perquè la im-munitat de ramat exercirà algun paper. Tot i que el valor obtingut va ser aproximadament un 2% inferior al demostrat posteriorment en un estudi poblacional (Institut Carles III), la conclusió sobre la immunitat de ramat no va canviar, i els resultats van confirmar la idoneï-tat de l'enfocament. La segona publicació es va centrar en les qüestions legals i les notícies falses, analitzant la reticència de la població a vacunar-se, l'impacte de les falses notícies en aquests comporta-ments, les possibilitats legals de fer obligatòria la vacuna i les possibles accions contra els professionals de la salut que publiquen notícies falses. La principal conclusió va ser que, tot i que es podria trobar una via legal per l'obligatorietat de la vacunació, i per la persecució governamental de les notícies falses, l'opinió ciutadana sembla preferir que l'administració no prenga la iniciativa, per la qual cosa es recomana promoure i fomentar la conscienciació ciutadana. La tercera publicació va presentar un model matemàtic simplificat per a l'estimació del cost-efectivitat de la vacuna contra la COVID-19. S'actualitzen les dades de dues dates per a l'estimació dels costos directes per al sistema sanitari deguts a la COVID-19, computant el cost per ciutadà i per Producte Interior Brut (PIB), així com el cost-efectivitat de la vacuna. La va estimar raó de cost-efectivitat incremental (RCEI) per dues dosis per persona a un cost de 30 euros cada dosi (inclosa l'administració). Assumint al 70% d'efectivitat i amb el 70% de la població vacunada va resultar ser de 5.132 euros (4.926 - 5.276) per any de vida ajustat a qualitat (AVAQ) (a 17 de febrer de 2021). Una xifra que descendeix cada dia de pandèmia activa. Es va afegir una investigació addicional, no inclosa en el conjunt d'articles, centrada en els recursos humans i l'educació. Es van analitzar els temes que preocupen al personal de pri-mera línia, és a dir, a la infermeria, i com la pandèmia ha afectat les seues publicacions cien-tífiques, com a índex dels canvis en el clima laboral que pateix aquest col·lectiu. Mitjançant un estudi bibliomètric comparatiu entre les publicacions de 2019 i 2020, es va analitzar el canvi de temes i camps com a reflex de l'impacte del COVID-19 en el personal d'infermeria. Així es va comprovar que en els àmbits d'infermeria d'atenció especialitzada, i sobretot en atenció primària, els principals problemes detectat / [EN] The SARS-CoV-2 Coronavirus outbreak has posed a challenge to the economy, social life, and health services. Just when information was most needed for economic planning, moni-toring, and reporting services were unable, despite extraordinary efforts to provide con-sistent data, as government agencies themselves acknowledged. This thesis includes three articles published during the COVID-19 outbreaks and additional research outside the publication set. The overall aim of the research is to provide infor-mation through alternative estimates. Several methodologies have been used, including mathematical models for epidemiological prediction, Best Adjustment of Related Values (BARV), analyses of different surveys and bibliometric methodology, taking advantage of or offering an alternative to, more complex options such as Bayesian methods, Monte Carlo simulations or Markov chains, although some data obtained are partially supported by these methodologies. Each article addresses a key issue related to the COVID-19 pandemic. The first publication focuses on basic epidemiological data. It refers to the first outbreak of COVID-19, estimating its duration, incidence, prevalence, Infection Fatality Rate (IFR) and Case Fatality Rate (CFR). As a highlight of this work, the seroprevalence was anticipated to be too low for herd immunity to play a role. Although the value obtained was approximate-ly 2% lower than that subsequently demonstrated by a population-based study (Instituto Carlos III), the conclusion on herd immunity remained unchanged, and the results con-firmed the appropriateness of the approach. The second publication focuses on legal issues and fake news, analysing reluctance to be vaccinated in the population, the impact of fake news on these behaviours, the legal possi-bilities of making vaccination mandatory, and possible actions against health professionals who publish fake news. The main conclusion was that, although a legal avenue could be found for mandatory vaccination and for governmental prosecution of fake news, public opinion seems to prefer that the authorities do not take the initiative, therefore it recom-mends promoting and encouraging public awareness. The third publication presented a simplified mathematical model for estimating the cost-effectiveness of the COVID-19 vaccine. Data from two dates were obtained for the estimation of the direct costs to the health system due to COVID-19, computing the cost per citizen and per Gross Domestic Product (GDP), as well as the cost-effectiveness of the vaccine. The estimated incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) was calculated for two doses per person at a cost of 30 euros per dose (including administration). Assuming 70% effectiveness and with 70% of the population vaccinated, it was found to be 5,132 euros (4,926 - 5,276) per quality-adjusted life year (QALY) gained (as of 17 February 2021). The figure decreases with each day of the active pandemic. Additional research not included in the set of articles focuses on human resources and education. It analyses the concerns of frontline staff, i.e., nurses, and how the pandemic has affected their scientific publications, as an index of the changes in the work climate experienced by this group. Through a comparative bibliometric study of publications in 2019 and 2020, the change in topics and fields was analysed, as a reflection of the impact of COVID-19 on nursing staff. It was found that in the fields of specialised care nursing and above all in primary care, the main problems detected are those related to protective measures and psychological factors, while the publications of nursing staff in nursing homes showed an increase in topics related to management and organisation. Finally, some aspects of the implementation of telecommuting and distance learning have been reviewed. Some of the boosts in this field resulting from the pandemic could be very useful and remain in the future, such as the incorporation of telewo / Marco Franco, JE. (2021). What have we learned from the economic impact of the Covid-19 outbreak? Critical analysis of economic factors and recommendations for the future [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/174883 / Compendio
Read more

Page generated in 0.0175 seconds