O eixo principal da pesquisa é o estudo da relação entre o potencial econômico e a capacidade militar na América Latina nos séculos XIX e XX. Um dos outros eixos condutores da obra está associado à utilização dos conflitos como pontos de explicação e de comparação, focando a Guerra enquanto fenômeno complexo, que se manifesta e influencia fortemente todos os setores da vida social a muito tempo. A comprovação de que existe (e existiu) uma equiparação da capacidade militar com o potencial econômico, tanto em termos gerais (das potencialidades do país como um todo) quanto aos aspectos puramente militares (os investimentos específicos) foi efetiva em uma abordagem com a utilização dos dados na sua forma absoluta. Pode-se afirmar, inclusive, que para análises gerais e sistêmicas, que abordem longos períodos de tempo e com uma amplitude geográfica elevada, como a deste trabalho, a relação comparativa dos aspectos econômicos-militares e geopolíticos é suficiente para moldar um quadro explicativo sumamente satisfatório. Os pontos específicos do trabalho trataram de questões como uma exposição teórica e geral sobre as idéias de ciclos econômicos e da sua importância para a compreensão da história, mormente a Contemporânea. Também foram realizadas análises sobre os ciclos de guerras (e a sua relação com os ciclos econômicos), a conexão entre crises econômicas e a erupção de mudanças sociais e, mais clara e diretamente, de transformações políticas. Verificou-se a diferenciação de níveis de belicosidade na região entre o século XIX e o XX, sugerindo a salutar existência de uma macro-tendência da transição de uma América Latina mais belicosa para uma mais pacífica, não somente em si mesma, mas em termos de comparação mundial. A Formação dos países latino-americanos foi discutida, de forma teórica, focando, sobretudo, a questão da diversidade e da fragmentação da região em vários : \"Estados-Nação\" com a eclosão de grandes guerras e de instabilidade durante o período inicial. As diferentes guerras de independência ocorridas na região foram comparadas, estabelecendo-se uma visão de conjunto de forma ordenada no tempo e no espaço. As teorias de Mackinder e Spykman foram aplicadas regionalmente, montou-se um quadro comparativo das perdas e ganhos territoriais e uma descrição das disputas e dos acordos fronteiriços ocorridos na região. Por fim, como a batalha é, ou foi, a alma da guerra, uma das preocupações foi situar, de forma diacrônica, no território latino-americano as mais importantes batalhas e guerras aqui travadas, inclusive classificando-as pela taxa de mortalidade. / The main axis of the research is the study of the relationship between the economical potential and the military capacity in Latin America in the centuries XIX and XX. One of the other conductive axes of the work is associated to the use of the conflicts as explanation points and of comparison, focusing the War while complex phenomenon, that shows and it influences all strongly of the sections of the social life at a long time. The proof that it exists (and it existed) an equalization of the military capacity with the economical potential, so much in general terms (of the potentialities of the country as a whole) as for the aspects purely military (the specific investments) it was effective in an approach with the use of the data in his absolute form. It can be affirmed, besides, that for general and systemic analyses, that approach long periods of time and with a high geographical width, as the one of this work, the comparative relationship of the economical-military aspects and geopolitics it is enough to mold an explanatory picture extremely satisfactory. The specific points of the work treated of subjects as a theoretical and general exhibition on the ideas of economic cycles and of his importance for the understanding of the history, especially the Contemporary. Also analyses were accomplished on the cycles of wars (and his relationship with the economic cycles), the connection between economic crises and the eruption of social changes and, more directly, of political transformations. The differentiation of militancy levels was verified in the area among the century XIX and the XX, suggesting the salutary existence of a macro-tendency of the transition of a more belligerent Latin America for a more peaceful one, not only in herself, but in terms of world comparison. The Formation of the Latin-American countries was discussed, in a theoretical way, focusing, above all, the subject of the diversity and of the fragmentation of the area in several \"States-nation\" with the appearance of great wars and of instability during the initial period. The different independence wars happened in the area was compared, settling down a vision of group in an orderly way in the time and in the space. Mackinder and Spykman\'s theories were applied regionally was set up a comparative picture of the losses and territorial earnings and a description of the disputes and of the frontier agreements happened in the area. Finally, as the battle it is, or it was, the soul of the war, one of the concerns was to place, of diachronic form, in the Latin-American territory the most important battles and wars here locked, besides classifying them for the mortality tax.

In recent times urban flooding has become more frequent and more complex due to the effects of increasing urban areas and climate change. In some established urban areas the existing drainage infrastructure is unable to cope with the volume of surface runoff and flooding events are more frequent, therefore new approaches to create more space for water within developments are required. This research was conceived in that context. It aims to investigate the potential for integrating green space planning with water planning and to develop a framework for the same in order to reduce the risk of flooding. An extensive literature review was carried out in the areas of urban planning, water planning, planning legislations, and issues related to integrating green space and water planning. The review identified the need for an inclusive framework which could integrate aspects of green space and storm water planning more holistically to achieve greater spatial planning efficiency. To satisfy this need, a conceptual framework was developed which took into consideration the opinions of various stakeholders. The conceptual framework included green spaced planning for SUDS, recreational and storm water indicators and a mechanism for integrated evaluation of SUDS for recreation and storm water management. The conceptual framework provided a joint approach where both engineers and planners will need to work together for the development of integrated storm water and green space plans. The framework showed processes for both disciplines and also indicates how spatial planning and water planning interfaced so that there was clarity of roles. In order to evaluate integrated plans, an ‘integrated evaluation tool’ was developed which uses indicators from both the areas of green space planning and water planning. The evaluation tool also contained a scoring system which can be used to select storm water management options with more recreational potential. The tool provides a mechanism to balance the requirements of recreation and storm water management so that more holistic solutions can be developed by teams of engineers and planners. The conceptual framework and the integrated evaluation tool were applied to two case study catchments. Results from the case studies showed the relationship of spatial planning and flooding. It further tested whether recreational aspects could be integrated into storm water planning. A number of drainage options were tested to show the application of the evaluation tool under various scenarios. This results of the research showed that the conceptual framework was appropriate in both case study areas even though the areas had different patterns of development. It is therefore proposed that the approach has potential for wider application in other geographical areas. Results from the two areas also showed that the integrated approach established in this research could enhance the recreational aspects associated with urban storm water management. The framework presented in this thesis will potentially be of use to a wide range of stakeholders such policy makers, local authorities, water companies, consultants and researchers. It could also be useful in informing the evolution of planning policies and technical guidance associated with water and green space planning.

O eixo principal da pesquisa é o estudo da relação entre o potencial econômico e a capacidade militar na América Latina nos séculos XIX e XX. Um dos outros eixos condutores da obra está associado à utilização dos conflitos como pontos de explicação e de comparação, focando a Guerra enquanto fenômeno complexo, que se manifesta e influencia fortemente todos os setores da vida social a muito tempo. A comprovação de que existe (e existiu) uma equiparação da capacidade militar com o potencial econômico, tanto em termos gerais (das potencialidades do país como um todo) quanto aos aspectos puramente militares (os investimentos específicos) foi efetiva em uma abordagem com a utilização dos dados na sua forma absoluta. Pode-se afirmar, inclusive, que para análises gerais e sistêmicas, que abordem longos períodos de tempo e com uma amplitude geográfica elevada, como a deste trabalho, a relação comparativa dos aspectos econômicos-militares e geopolíticos é suficiente para moldar um quadro explicativo sumamente satisfatório. Os pontos específicos do trabalho trataram de questões como uma exposição teórica e geral sobre as idéias de ciclos econômicos e da sua importância para a compreensão da história, mormente a Contemporânea. Também foram realizadas análises sobre os ciclos de guerras (e a sua relação com os ciclos econômicos), a conexão entre crises econômicas e a erupção de mudanças sociais e, mais clara e diretamente, de transformações políticas. Verificou-se a diferenciação de níveis de belicosidade na região entre o século XIX e o XX, sugerindo a salutar existência de uma macro-tendência da transição de uma América Latina mais belicosa para uma mais pacífica, não somente em si mesma, mas em termos de comparação mundial. A Formação dos países latino-americanos foi discutida, de forma teórica, focando, sobretudo, a questão da diversidade e da fragmentação da região em vários : \"Estados-Nação\" com a eclosão de grandes guerras e de instabilidade durante o período inicial. As diferentes guerras de independência ocorridas na região foram comparadas, estabelecendo-se uma visão de conjunto de forma ordenada no tempo e no espaço. As teorias de Mackinder e Spykman foram aplicadas regionalmente, montou-se um quadro comparativo das perdas e ganhos territoriais e uma descrição das disputas e dos acordos fronteiriços ocorridos na região. Por fim, como a batalha é, ou foi, a alma da guerra, uma das preocupações foi situar, de forma diacrônica, no território latino-americano as mais importantes batalhas e guerras aqui travadas, inclusive classificando-as pela taxa de mortalidade. / The main axis of the research is the study of the relationship between the economical potential and the military capacity in Latin America in the centuries XIX and XX. One of the other conductive axes of the work is associated to the use of the conflicts as explanation points and of comparison, focusing the War while complex phenomenon, that shows and it influences all strongly of the sections of the social life at a long time. The proof that it exists (and it existed) an equalization of the military capacity with the economical potential, so much in general terms (of the potentialities of the country as a whole) as for the aspects purely military (the specific investments) it was effective in an approach with the use of the data in his absolute form. It can be affirmed, besides, that for general and systemic analyses, that approach long periods of time and with a high geographical width, as the one of this work, the comparative relationship of the economical-military aspects and geopolitics it is enough to mold an explanatory picture extremely satisfactory. The specific points of the work treated of subjects as a theoretical and general exhibition on the ideas of economic cycles and of his importance for the understanding of the history, especially the Contemporary. Also analyses were accomplished on the cycles of wars (and his relationship with the economic cycles), the connection between economic crises and the eruption of social changes and, more directly, of political transformations. The differentiation of militancy levels was verified in the area among the century XIX and the XX, suggesting the salutary existence of a macro-tendency of the transition of a more belligerent Latin America for a more peaceful one, not only in herself, but in terms of world comparison. The Formation of the Latin-American countries was discussed, in a theoretical way, focusing, above all, the subject of the diversity and of the fragmentation of the area in several \"States-nation\" with the appearance of great wars and of instability during the initial period. The different independence wars happened in the area was compared, settling down a vision of group in an orderly way in the time and in the space. Mackinder and Spykman\'s theories were applied regionally was set up a comparative picture of the losses and territorial earnings and a description of the disputes and of the frontier agreements happened in the area. Finally, as the battle it is, or it was, the soul of the war, one of the concerns was to place, of diachronic form, in the Latin-American territory the most important battles and wars here locked, besides classifying them for the mortality tax.

Background The Swedish Association of local authorities and regions in collaboration with the national board of health and welfare produces the yearly “Swedish Health Care Report” in order to provide evaluations of the hospitals and counties in Sweden for both the politicians and the general public. Method We describe several standard methods which have been used to present the performance of each hospital or county: Forest plot (FL), League Table (LT), League Plot (LP) and Funnel Plot (FP). Using simulation technique to produce the League Plot of rank is also presented in order to illustrate the unreliable of the ranking principle. Results The league plot with confidence interval is easily understood by people, but it should provide the total number of operations (sample size) as well. The resulting multiple-indicators system gives a clear overview of the whole system, but the cut-off points used in the traffic light method is not the best choice. Several possible improved methodologies are: A league plot traffic light method and a standard funnel plot traffic light method is recommended when aiming at finding the outliers; A p=0.67 funnel plot traffic light method is suggested when wishing to divide the units into approximately equally large groups; A one-side traffic light method seems to be a wonderful choice when focusing on the bad performance units.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-10-19T11:50:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 costa2012.pdf: 651355 bytes, checksum: 7ea62527ceaa688b6feeee8ef5b0fa02 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-03-30 / Analysis of doctoral courses and theses of the graduate programs of higher education institutions in Brazil, public and private, in the area of Architecture and Urbanism using bibliometric method in order to generate quality quantitative indicators. Concentration areas were identified as well as lines of research and topics investigated in the theses. Currently, there are thirteen doctoral programs in Brazil, most recently, created from the years 2000 and concentrated in the Southeast. The survey data verified the lack of standardization of the information available on the websites of the graduate programs, making it difficult to recover quick and accurate, as well as the absence of keywords representing the content of the theses, which does not use a controlled vocabulary or thesaurus. The analysis of the concentration areas, lines of research and theses, points to the themes more frequently as Urban Planning, Urbanization and Urban Space, with strong influences of historical and theoretical aspects of the area, introducing topics related to technologies and concern about social issues and resolutions of their problems. The research results may contribute to the formulation of policies for graduate studies in this field of knowledge, evaluation of programs, concentration areas and lines of research, as well as guidance on the most studied themes, gaps and issues still under researched / Análise dos cursos de doutorado e respectivas teses dos programas de pósgraduação das Instituições de Ensino Superior do Brasil, públicas e privadas, na área de Arquitetura e Urbansimo, utilizando método bibliométrico com o objetivo de gerar indicadores qualiquantitativos. Foram identificadas as áreas de concentração, linhas de pesquisa e temas pesquisados nas teses. Existem, hoje, 13 cursos de doutorado no País, a maioria recente, criada a partir do ano de 2000 e concentrados na região sudeste. No levantamento de dados foi verificada a falta de padronização nas informações disponibilizadas nos portais dos programas, dificultando a recuperação ágil e precisa, assim como a ausência de palavras-chave representativas do conteúdo das teses, pela não utilização de vocabulário controlado ou tesauros. A análise, tanto das áreas de concentração, linhas de pesquisa quanto das teses, aponta como temáticas mais frequentes, Urbanização, Planejamento Urbano e Projeto de Arquitetura, com forte incidência dos aspectos históricos e teóricos da área, introdução de temas relacionados às tecnologias e preocupação com as questões sociais e resoluções dos seus problemas. Os resultados da pesquisa podem contribuir para a formulação de políticas de pós-graduação nesse campo do conhecimento, avaliação dos programas, áreas de concentração e linhas de pesquisa, bem como orientar sobre os temas mais estudados, lacunas existentes e questões ainda pouco pesquisadas

Discusses the structure and topology of dynamic memory chips, the impact of the environment on the information storage process, ways to control and correct errors that occur during storage of data; in Matlab / Simulink, a model is constructed of dynamic memory cells in conditions close to the natural background radiation; a comparative analysis of noise immunity in the absence of storage and use of the Hamming code. / Рассматриваются структура и топология микросхем динамической памяти, влияние внешней среды на процесс хранения информации, способы контроля и исправления ошибок, возникающие при хранении данных; в среде Matlab/Simulink построена модель ячейки динамической памяти в условиях приближенных к естественному радиационному фону; проведен сравнительный анализ помехоустойчивости хранения данных при отсутствии и использовании кода Хемминга.