published_or_final_version / Chinese / Master / Master of Philosophy

published_or_final_version / Chinese / Doctoral / Doctor of Philosophy

published_or_final_version / Chinese / Doctoral / Doctor of Philosophy

published_or_final_version / abstract / Chinese / Master / Master of Philosophy

梁鳳儀. / 手稿本 (copies 2 & 3 複印本) / Thesis (Ph.d.)--香港中文大學硏究院中國文化硏究學部. / Shou gao ben (copies 2 & 3 fu yin ben) / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 1506-1509). / Liang Fengyi. / Thesis (Ph.d.)--Xianggang Zhong wen da xue yan jiu yuan Zhongguo wen hua yan jiu xue bu. / 自序 --- p.6-27 / 章節撮要 --- p.28-52 / Chapter 第一章 --- 緒論 / Chapter 第一節 --- 本論文的研究宗旨 --- p.53-71 / Chapter 第二節 --- 晚清通俗小說的倡議緣起 --- p.72-88 / Chapter 第三節 --- 晚清通俗小說的誕生 --- p.89-115 / Chapter 第四節 --- 本論文研究的範圍及材料的限制 --- p.116-161 / Chapter 第二章 --- 西方知識之引介 / Chapter 第一節 --- 競存思想之普及　 --- p.162-190 / Chapter 第二節 --- 灌輸武勇精神 --- p.191-225 / Chapter 第三節 --- 介紹西方政治司法與科技　 --- p.226-280 / Chapter 第四節 --- 從提倡俗語到新文言的產生　 --- p.281-325 / Chapter 第三章 --- 立憲與革命的思潮及其批評 / Chapter 第一節 --- 立憲維新　　　　　　　　 --- p.326-388 / Chapter 第二節 --- 革命反滿　　　　　　　　 --- p.389-464 / Chapter 第三節 --- 暴露滿清官吏無能與阻礙改革　 --- p.465-513 / Chapter 第四節 --- 對維新人物的諷刺　　　　 --- p.514-593 / Chapter 第四章 --- 改良社會風氣與婦女解放 / Chapter 第一節 --- 道德的敗壞　　　　　　　 --- p.594-652 / Chapter 第二節 --- 鴉片的禍害　　　　　　　 --- p.653-703 / Chapter 第三節 --- 迷信的禍害　　　　　　　 --- p.704-752 / Chapter 第四節 --- 婦女解放與反纏足　　　　 --- p.753-824 / Chapter 第五章 --- 政治病態的指評 / Chapter 第一節 --- 受列強的欺壓　　　　　　 --- p.825-898 / Chapter 第二節 --- 官吏的崇洋媚外　　　　　 --- p.899-981 / Chapter 第三節 --- 官吏的貪污　　　　　　 --- p.982-1038 / Chapter 第四節 --- 政壇腐化與司法黑暗　 --- p.1039-1094 / Chapter 第六章 --- 自強事業之推行 / Chapter 第一節 --- 廢八股　　　　　　　 --- p.1095-1154 / Chapter 第二節 --- 興辦學校　　　　　　 --- p.1155-1230 / Chapter 第三節 --- 興辦洋務　　　　　　 --- p.1231-1310 / Chapter 第七章 --- 結論 / Chapter 第一節 --- 晚清小說與歷史的距離　 --- p.1311-1338 / Chapter 第二節 --- 社會的反應與小說家的思想　 --- p.1339-1366 / Chapter 第三節 --- 晚清小說與歷史背景　 --- p.1367-1469 / Chapter 第四節 --- 晚清小說家貢獻的分析　 --- p.1470-1505

手稿覆寫本. / Thesis (M.A.)--香港中文大學. / Shou gao fu xie ben. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 388-431). / Thesis (M.A.)--Xianggang Zhong wen da xue. / 導論 --- p.1-8 / Chapter (一) --- 什么是諷刺小說 --- p.1-4 / Chapter (二) --- 諷刺小說的作用及在文學中的地位 --- p.5-8 / Chapter 第一章 --- 散論中國的諷刺文學 --- p.9-51 / Chapter (一) --- 最早的諷刺文學 --- p.9-14 / Chapter (二) --- 諷刺小說出現前的中國諷刺文學 --- p.15-30 / Chapter (三) --- 諷刺小說的蘊釀 --- p.31-47 / Chapter (四) --- 中國諷刺小說的正式形成 --- p.48-51 / Chapter 第二章 --- 諷刺小說形成于清代的原因 --- p.52-79 / Chapter (一) --- 產生儒林外史的時代背景 --- p.54-61 / Chapter (二) --- 清代小說的技巧日趨成熟 --- p.62-71 / Chapter (三) --- 吳敬梓的天才和條件 --- p.72-78 / Chapter 第三章 --- 儒林外史的主題思想 --- p.80-120 / Chapter (一) --- 儒林外史所諷刺的內容 --- p.80-97 / Chapter (二) --- 諷刺的目的 --- p.98-103 / Chapter (三) --- 吳敬梓的理想道路 --- p.104-111 / Chapter (四) --- 從儒林外史主題思想看吳敬梓的思想實質 --- p.112-120 / Chapter 第四章 --- 儒林外史的諷刺藝術 --- p.121-184 / Chapter (一) --- 意在言外的筆法 --- p.121-132 / Chapter (二) --- 點破的功夫 --- p.133-139 / Chapter (三) --- 对比的手法 --- p.140-149 / Chapter (四) --- 正筆與反意 --- p.150-159 / Chapter (五) --- 借此諷彼 --- p.160-168 / Chapter (六) --- 明刺 --- p.169-175 / Chapter (七) --- 寓諷刺於戲劇性情節中 --- p.176-184 / Chapter 第五章 --- 儒林外史西歐著名諷刺小說的比較 --- p.185-245 / Chapter (一) --- 共同的基礎 --- p.189-209 / Chapter (二) --- 西歐幾部著名諷刺小說的藝術特點 --- p.210-225 / Chapter (三) --- 從比較中看儒林外史的民族特色 --- p.226-239 / Chapter (四) --- 汲長補短 --- p.240-243 / Chapter (五) --- 儒林外史的世界性評價 --- p.244-245 / Chapter 第六章 --- 諷刺小說在晚清的發展 --- p.246-294 / Chapter (一) --- 譴責小說的出現 --- p.246-249 / Chapter (二) --- 從諷刺發展為譴責的原因 --- p.250-255 / Chapter (三) --- 譴責小說的典型筆法 --- p.256-276 / Chapter (四) --- 譴責小說在藝術表現方法的缺點 --- p.277-291 / Chapter (五) --- 清代諷刺小說後勁不繼 --- p.292-294 / Chapter 第七章 --- 魯迅把諷刺小說推向一個新高峰 --- p.295-346 / Chapter (一) --- 魯迅小說諷刺技巧的特徽 --- p.295-332 / Chapter (二) --- 繼承與發展 --- p.333-344 / Chapter (三) --- 中國諷刺小說呈現了一個新局面 --- p.345-346 / Chapter 第八章 --- 諷刺小說創作的幾點原則 --- p.347-386 / Chapter (一) --- 冷嘲還是熱諷 --- p.349-357 / Chapter (二) --- 真實與誇張 --- p.357-368 / Chapter (三) --- 婉而多諷 --- p.369-372 / Chapter (四) --- 典型性與特性 --- p.373-377 / Chapter (五) --- 正與反 --- p.378-380 / Chapter (六) --- 感而能諧 --- p.381-386

Historical consensus has labeled the educational reform efforts of China's scholar-officials in the second half of the nineteenth century as merely reactions to external circumstances and therefore has concluded that these reforms were "failures". The youthful revolt against Chinese cultural traditions, which culminated in the May Fourth Movement of 1919, has frequently been cited as a clear demonstration that previous educational reforms had failed. However, when viewed as the intellectual phase of the revolutionary process, reform activities among members of China's bureaucratic and scholarly elite in the four and one half decades from the 1860s to the early 1900s can be seen as limited, but definite, successes, initiated from within the traditional society and assisted by the introduction of Western secular knowledge by Protestant missionaries.

This thesis examines the medical case records of the Imperial Qing Palace. The case records were examined with a view to see how Chinese medicine was practised in the Qing period in China. I also analysed the role of medical cases as another way of adding to an understanding of history. My primary sources were the archive medical case records of the Qing Imperial Palace as compiled by Chen Keji. I also used selected secondary sources, particularly research by Chang Che-Chia on the Qing cases. I concentrated my research on selected emperors and the Empress Dowager. I analysed the case records of Kangxi, Qianlong, Tongzhi, Guangxu and Cixi. Each of these figures were analysed using medical analysis and historical analysis. Using clinical knowledge, I analysed each of these political figures considering the historical and social context of the time. While analysing selected cases I also analysed the medical approach and style of one doctor of the nineteenth century, Ma Peizhi. This physician was selected as representative of elite doctors in China in the late Qing period. Using the methodology of textual analysis I supplemented analysis of the primary sources with examination of secondary sources such as biographies and other journals. In medical terms, I found that the practice of Chinese medicine changes according to social and historical circumstances. In line with the social norms of the elite at the time in Qing China, medicine was practised with the approach of gentleness and balance. This distinctive style, practised by Ma Peizhi, saw the root of physical disease in mental unease. In historical terms, I found that the medical records provided primary evidence for trends in Qing history. The Kangxi emperor looked askance at Chinese medicine, while avidly practising his Manchu shamanic rituals. His grandson, Qianlong, in contrast, presented himself as a patron of Chinese classical learning, of which he saw Chinese medicine as an important component. This was evidence that the sinification of the Manchu conquerors was almost complete. A key finding of the thesis was that the realities of the Qing emperors and the Empress Dowager Cixi differed from the personas they had projected to the public. The Qing emperors and the Empress Dowager were, on the whole, frail in health, psychologically vulnerable and suffering from chronic anxiety, if not depression. The Qing images of power did not fit the reality.

published_or_final_version / Chinese / Doctoral / Doctor of Philosophy

published_or_final_version / abstract / toc / Chinese Historical Studies / Master / Master of Arts