Thèse (Ph. D.)--Université Laval, 2007. / Titre de l'écran-titre (visionné le 18 sept. 2007). Bibliogr.

From its beginnings as a single link between two research institutions in 1969, the Internet has grown in size and scope, to become a global internetwork connecting over 700 million computers, and 1.7 billion users. No longer a niche facility for scientific collaboration, the Internet now touches the lives of the world’s population, irrespective of their occupation or geography. It is used by people the world over, to pay bills, read the news, listen to music, watch videos, telephone or video-conference friends and family, and much more. The Internet is the premier communications network of our age. Unfortunately, however, there are some respects in which the Internet lags the networks it replaces. In particular, with respect to reliability, the Internet falls far short of the Public Switched Telephone Network which proceeded it. Whereas the PSTN sought, and often delivered the vaunted “five nines” of reliability, the Internet struggles to compete. As for the cause of this reliability shortfall, available evidence indicates that much of the shortfall is due to the unreliability of IP routers themselves. Given the importance of a reliable Internet to contemporary society, vendors and researchers have proposed a number of solutions to either improve the reliability of individual IP routers, or to make networks more resilient to the unavailability of a single router. While having some promise, these existing solutions face significant obstacles to widespread deployment. Thus, in this dissertation, we endeavor to find or construct a practical, readily deployable, method for mitigating the outages caused by IP routers. To achieve our goal, we take inspiration from previous proposals, which advocated the use of link migration. These proposals improve network resilience, by moving links away from a failed (or failing) router, to an in-service router. To understand the constraints of a practical solution, and resolve the limitations of previous proposals, we conduct extensive experimentation, and study source code and protocol specifications. Using the insights produced by these studies, we construct a practical, readily deployable migration solution with sub-second outage times.

Food webs in aquatic ecosystems can be dramatically altered by invasive species. Quagga mussels are prevalent invaders that compete with existing species and disrupt nutrient cycling. In 2012, the Quagga Mussel (Dreissena rostriformus bugensis) was introduced into Lake Powell and is expected to move throughout the reservoir in the near future. Stable isotope analysis is a powerful tool for characterizing food webs and trophic interactions. To predict the long-term effects of Quagga Mussels, we used stable isotope analysis of primary producers, primary consumers, prey fish species, and predator fish species in Lake Powell to determine food web structure. Quagga Mussel are positioned to disrupt the pelagic arm of the food web by interfering with the link between phytoplankton and herbivorous zooplankton. This will likely have negative impacts on pelagic fish such as striped bass (Morone saxatilis) and threadfin shad (Dorosoma petenense). Quagga Mussel may also boost benthic productivity in the littoral zone by diverting nutrients from the water column to the benthos. This may have positive impacts on littoral fishes such as largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides), smallmouth bass (Micropterus dolomieu), bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus), and green sunfish (Lepomis cyanellus).

The aim of this master thesis is to create two laboratory exercises in ns-3 network simulator for chosen communication protocols. The chosen protocols are BGP and ICMPv6. The first part of this thesis contains teoretical knowledge used in order to design laboratory exercise. It contains descriptions of funcionality of both protocols and messages they use. This chapter also includes brief description of three options which were considered for implementation of BGP protocol into ns-3 enviroment. The second chapter consists of actual laboratory exercises which were created as a purpose of this thesis. Exercise for BGP protocol deals with creating neighborhoods between routers at autonomous system level, analyzing the way routers communicate within their neighborhoods and how protocol reacts when the connection between two neighbor routers fails. Exercise created for ICMPv6 protocol is focused on its messages and their usage within multiple protocol funcionalities, such as address configuration, link address resolution and error detection.

The master thesis „IP traffic performance“ is focused on traffic testing in IP networks. Theoretical section explains routing issue in an autonomous system. This work contains a detailed description of OSPF protocol. This work also deals with behavior of a link failure. There are described mechanisms that are used to link failure detection and subsequent traffic rerouting. The next section describes mechanisms to ensure quality of service. In master thesis are explained InterServ and DiffServ mechanisms. A large part is devoted to DiffServ mechanism that ensures distinction of data flows and classification packets into different classes. The routers than can process the individual data streams with different priorities. The practical section includes the design of experimental network and creation of simulation in Opnet Modeler. By using several scenarios are compared the characteristics of routing protocols and impact of QoS on the transmission characteristics of the network. Part of practical section is the improvement of OSPF protocol by adding a new metric and implementing a new metric in software suite Quagga.

Invasive species such as quagga mussel (Dreisseina bugensis) alter native ecosystems around the world. This study uses genetic markers to examine historical lineages for quagga mussels in lakes (reservoirs) of the Colorado River System. Specimens were collected from Lake Mead, Lake Mohave, Lake Pleasant, Lake Havasu, Lower Otay Reservoir, Yuma Area, and two Central Arizona Project pumping stations. Objectives of this project were to perform analyses of genetic variability within populations and determine if relatedness among individuals could resolve whether they originate from a single, or multiple, invasion events and genetically distinguish the populations at each water body. Analyses examined the mitochondrial DNA COI region and eight microsatellite DNA markers. Three populations were characterized in the study area and compelling information gathered about gene flow between them. Results indicate that microsatellite markers are useful to track quagga mussel invasions and provide insights into migration patterns that would otherwise be missed.

abstract: Quagga mussels are an aquatic invasive species capable of causing economic and ecological damage. Despite the quagga mussels’ ability to rapidly spread, two watersheds, the Salt River system and the Verde River system of Arizona, both had no quagga mussel detections for 8 years. The main factor thought to deter quagga mussels was the stratification of the two watersheds during the summer, resulting in high temperatures in the epilimnion and low dissolved oxygen in the hypolimnion. In 2015, Canyon Lake, a reservoir of the Salt River watershed, tested positive for quagga mussel veligers. In this study, I used Landsat 7 and Landsat 8 satellite data to determine if changes in the surface temperature have caused a change to the reservoir allowing quagga mussel contamination. I used a location in the center of the lake with a root mean squared error (RMSE) of 0.80 and a correlation coefficient (R^2) of 0.82, but I did not detect any significant variations in surface temperatures from recent years. I also measured 21 locations on Canyon Lake to determine if the locations in Canyon Lake were able to harbor quagga mussels. I found that summer stratification caused hypolimnion dissolved oxygen levels to drop well below the quagga mussel threshold of 2mg/L. Surface temperatures, however were not high enough throughout the lake to prevent quagga mussels from inhabiting the epilimnion. It is likely that a lack of substrate in the epilimnion have forced any quagga mussel inhabitants in Canyon Lake to specific locations that were not necessarily near the point of quagga veliger detection sampling. The research suggests that while Canyon Lake may have been difficult for quagga mussels to infest, once they become established in the proper locations, where they can survive through the summer, quagga mussels are likely to become more prevalent. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Civil, Environmental and Sustainable Engineering 2018

Depuis leur arrivée à la fin des années 1980, les moules zébrées et quagga, Dreissena polymorpha (Pallas) et Dreissena bugensis (Andrusov) respectivement, sont devenues deux des espèces envahissantes les plus connues en Amérique du Nord. Leur nouveauté au Canada et aux États-Unis en tant que premiers mollusques épifaunaux filtrants leur a permis de concurrencer les espèces indigènes pour l’espace et la nourriture, ce qui a entraîné des changements importants au niveau du substrat, de la clarté et de la qualité de l’eau, des populations indigènes, des réseaux trophiques et des économies locales des écosystèmes dulcicoles. Ces mollusques très féconds ont atteint des rivières et des lacs dans plus de 30 États et 3 provinces par les eaux de ballast et par la dissémination en aval et par voie terrestre, mais malgré la vitesse de leur propagation, l’invasion est en mouvement. La moule zébrée autrefois dominante a été déplacée par son congénère dans une grande partie du benthos des Grands Lacs Laurentiens. Dans les lacs Érié et Ontario, la couverture de moules quagga a parfois atteint 100 % du fond. Les populations restantes de moules zébrées sont généralement limitées dans des zones peu profondes exposées aux forces hydrodynamiques comme les vagues et les forts courants. Bien que le remplacement d’un envahisseur par un autre puisse sembler insignifiante, il est important de comprendre quels facteurs font de la moule quagga un meilleur compétiteur et de déterminer si ce déplacement se produit différemment dans les rivières. Le fleuve Saint-Laurent sert d’environnement privilégié pour l’observation de la dynamique entre ces deux espèces envahissantes, et cette thèse examine les deux espèces sur l’ensemble de la portion dulcicole de la rivière en ce qui concerne les facteurs physiques, y compris le substrat, la profondeur et la distance par rapport à la population supposée source. Un inventaire combiné à une expérience de survie a révélé que le déplacement des moules zébrées progresse en tant qu’intégration, chaque espèce occupant des sections différentes de la rivière, même 20 ans après son arrivée dans la rivière. De plus, les résultats indiquent que certaines combinaisons de facteurs physiques peuvent limiter la dominance de la moule quagga dans les parties inférieures de la rivière, en particulier la diminution de la taille du substrat dans les zones à vitesse accrue. L’étude a également révélé que la population de moules quagga a augmenté de façon spectaculaire depuis la dernière étude effectuée plus de dix ans auparavant. Cette augmentation extrême de l’abondance a donné lieu à une étude expérimentale examinant l’effet de la vie dans les bancs de moules afin de déterminer le niveau de concurrence entre les espèces de dreissenidés et entre elles. En utilisant des dispositifs expérimentaux pour iv étudier à la fois l’exploitation et la compétition d’interférence, il a été révélé que le contact physique entre les moules est tout aussi important, sinon plus, que l’exploitation de la nourriture. De plus, les deux espèces poussent davantage lorsqu’elles vivent avec des congénères que des conspécifiques. Enfin, pour comprendre les coûts et les avantages de la capacité des dreissenidés à s’attacher à des matériaux nouveaux et plastiques, des cages ont été construites pour manipuler expérimentalement l’écoulement des moules pendant plusieurs mois sur le terrain. Le dénombrement des fils byssaux et la force nécessaire pour enlever les moules ont été enregistrés et les analyses montrent que les moules zébrées poussent davantage à des vitesses d’eau croissantes, ce qui confirme la plus grande propension des moules zébrées à la plasticité, tout en indiquant également que le coût de fixation est faible. Une étude simultanée sur le terrain a examiné les tailles et les forces d’attachement des moules prélevées in situ. Les résultats indiqués que les moules quagga deviennent plus grosses à des vitesses de courant plus élevées — un résultat contraire aux attentes et à l’expérience, ce qui suggère que d’autres études sur le terrain sont nécessaires pour mieux comprendre comment chaque espèce réagit entre eux et aux conditions changeantes le long du fleuve. Ensemble, en examinant la dynamique des populations, les interactions concurrentielles et la plasticité phénotypique, cette thèse contribue à la compréhension de l’invasion continue de dreissenidés, ainsi que du déplacement des moules zébrées par les moules quagga dans le fleuve Saint-Laurent. / Since arriving in the late 1980s the zebra and quagga mussels, Dreissena polymorpha (Pallas) and Dreissena bugensis (Andrusov) respectively, have become two of the most notorious invasive species in North America. Their novelty in Canada and the United States as the first epifaunal filtering mollusks has enabled them to outcompete native species for space and food, resulting in extensive changes to the substratum, water clarity and quality, native populations, food webs, and local economies of freshwater ecosystems. These highly fecund mollusks have reached rivers and lakes in over 30 states and 3 provinces through ballast water and downstream and overland dispersal, yet despite the speed of their spread, the invasion is in flux. The once dominant zebra mussel has been displaced by its congener across much of the benthos of the Laurentian Great Lakes. In Lake Erie and Lake Ontario the cover of quagga mussels has sometimes reached 100% of the bottom. Remaining zebra mussel populations are generally restricted to shallow areas exposed to large hydrodynamic forces from waves and strong currents. While the replacement of one invader by another may seem inconsequential, understanding the factors that make the quagga mussel a better competitor, and determining whether the mechanisms by which this displacement occurs are different in rivers are important for developing management strategies. The St. Lawrence River serves as a model environment for observing the dynamics between these two invasive species, and this dissertation examines the populations of both species over the entire freshwater portion of the river with respect to physical factors including substratum, depth, and distance from the source population. A survey combined with a survival experiment revealed that the displacement of zebra mussels is not as complete as expected, with each species occupying different sections of the river, even 20 years after both species were introduced. Further, the results indicate that certain combinations of physical factors may limit quagga mussel dominance in lower portions of the river, specifically decreasing substratum size in areas of increased velocity. The survey also revealed that the population of quagga mussels has increased roughly fivefold since the last survey over ten years before. This extreme increase in abundance inspired an experimental investigation of the effects of living in closely packed mussel beds to ascertain the level of intraspecific and interspecific competition in these species. Using field cages modified to study both exploitative and interference competition, it was shown that physical contact among mussels is just as, if not more, important than exploiting available food. Further, both species grew more when living vi with congeners than conspecifics. Finally, to understand the costs and benefits of dreissenid mussels’ novel and plastic attachment ability, I experimentally manipulated the flow experienced by mussels in the field. Counts of byssal threads and force required to remove mussels showed that zebra mussels grew more in increasing water velocities, reaffirming the zebra mussel’s greater propensity for plasticity, while also indicating that the cost for attachment is low. A concurrent field study examined the size and attachment strengths of mussels collected in situ. The results indicated that quagga mussels grow larger in higher current velocities – a result contrary to expectations and the experiment, suggesting that further field studies are required to develop a better understanding how each species responds to each other and to changing conditions along the river. Together, by examining population dynamics, competitive interactions, and phenotypic plasticity, this thesis contributes to our understanding of the ongoing dreissenid invasion, as well as the displacement of zebra mussels by quagga mussels in the St. Lawrence River.

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