Comment les citoyens reçoivent-ils et interprètent-ils les informations politiques auxquelles ils sont exposés quotidiennement ? Cette thèse s’intéresse au contexte d’exposition aux informations et met en évidence la diversité des interprétations dont celles-ci font l’objet. Elle porte une attention aux usages et en explore les implications politiques. Les résultats sont énoncés à partir d’un regard croisé entre une démarche d’analyses quantitative et qualitative. L’approche qualitative met en place un protocole d’enquête original, qui s’appuie sur des entretiens de couple réalisés en France. Les résultats portent sur l’exposition aux informations, l’attention qui leur est accordée et enfin leur interprétation. L’exposition aux informations s’inscrit, pour l’ensemble des citoyens, dans une routine quotidienne et s’imbrique dans leurs emplois du temps familiaux et professionnels. Les citoyens, quel que soit leur niveau de politisation ou leur origine sociale, ne font pas état d’une démarche intentionnelle de recherche d’informations. En conséquence, leur attention est variable car dépendante de ce contexte. Elle est tributaire des intérêts qu’ils déploient vis-à-vis du champ politique et de l’action publique mais aussi des caractéristiques de l’offre médiatique. Quatre processus d’interprétation sont identifiés. Leur diversité s’appuie sur l’existence de convictions politiques ancrées, qui guident l’interprétation, et sur les modalités de combinaison des expériences personnelle et médiatique. La thèse met ainsi en évidence les grilles de lecture que les citoyens mobilisent pour donner sens au monde qui les entoure et témoigne du rôle des informations dans leur construction. / How do citizens receive and interpret political news to which they are daily exposed? This PhD thesis deals with the context in which people are exposed to news and sheds light on the diversity of their interpretation. Emphasis is put on media uses and on the investigation of their political implications. The results are based on a mixed method approach (quantitative and qualitative). The qualitative approach offers an inventive interview protocol with French couples, in Paris region and in the North of France. The results focus on exposure to news, attention to news and interpretation. All citizens are exposed to news in daily routine, within their work and family lives. They do not seek for information, regardless of their level of political interest or their social background. Consequently, their attention to news is variable because it is dependent on this context. Not only is attention reliant on citizens’ interests in the political scene and public action but also on the way the media present and construct news. I identify four types of interpretation. Their diversity relies on deeply rooted political convictions, which guide the interpretation, and on the way personal and media experiences are combined. This PhD thesis also singles out the frameworks of interpretation used by citizens to make sense of the world around them and how information contributes to their construction.

The author applies marketing research methods, in order to work out a recommendation for sales growth on the background of an IT services company looking for expansion in the hotel sector in the Czech Republic. Through the application of qualitative and quantitative research methods it is established that the anonymized company needs to focus on the segment of three to five star hotels in Prague that do not have their HQ outside of the Czech Republic. Furthermore, a clear product focus on cost saving utilisation of product like virtualization and office automatization is advised, whilst expanding the portfolio on basic hotel needs like camera and entertainment systems. Finally, the analysis recommends to establish professional behaviour and appearance guidelines for in the field service technicians.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:06:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 5247.pdf: 4506683 bytes, checksum: c96faa985ac336ef47e06d250cb3dc14 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-09-25 / The distributed interactive simulations can be used to train human actions and behaviors in dangerous situations, which way reduce the risks to life and/or patrimony. As part of the training in virtual environments, is important that learners are assessed not only after exercise virtual training, but also during this period that there may be occasional interventions by the coach in the learning process. However, the development of training simulations is complex and not always the human evaluation, post and share in real time, is offered to the learner as a learning resource and training support as coach. A computer systemis being developed in the WINDIS Laboratory at UFSCar s Computer Department, to support the modeling, construction, execution, management and control of complex training simulations, using emergency preparedness and response as application areas. This work is part of that system and aims to create an individual and/or group performance evaluation sub system in distributed interactive simulations in order to better train apprentices in emergency management processes. It had been used theories, methods and best practices for evaluating human performance to create this sub system. During the preparation of simulations and human performance evaluations, it had been used preparedness and response to emergencies standards and protocols for conducting drills accordingly to São Paulo State, as well as the support of professional experts (São Carlos Fire Department). The modeling, simulations and ontologies used in this project were developed by the students in an integrated manner at WINDIS laboratory. As an individual part of this paper, it has been developed three modules that enable, respectively, the training assessments configuration, the monitoring and evaluation at runtime (with proper measurement for the proposed scenario, the instructor interaction in the simulation and analysis of competences Individual and team), and the analysis and after-action orientation. Two scenarios were developed a concept proof, one for fire department truck s control panel and other to conduct fire-fighting with indirect attack. / As simulações interativas distribuídas podem ser utilizadas para treinar ações e comportamentos humanos em situações de emergência, podendo reduzir os riscos à vida e/ou ao patrimônio. Como parte do treinamento em ambientes virtuais, é importante que os aprendizes sejam avaliados não só após os exercícios virtuais de treinamento, mas também durante este período para que possa haver intervenções pontuais do treinador no processo de aprendizagem. Entretanto, o desenvolvimento de simulações de treinamentos é complexo e nem sempre a avaliação humana, pós-ação e em tempo real, é oferecida ao aprendiz como recurso de aprendizagem e ao treinador como apoio ao treinamento. Um sistema está sendo desenvolvido no Laboratório WINDIS do Departamento de Computação da UFSCar, para apoiar a modelagem, construção, execução, gerenciamento e controle de simulações complexas de treinamento, tendo a preparação e resposta à emergência como uma das áreas de aplicação. O presente trabalho é parte desse sistema e tem como objetivo criar um subsistema de avaliação de desempenho individual e/ou em equipe em simulações interativas distribuídas, com a finalidade de melhor treinar aprendizes nos processos de gerenciamento da emergência. Para a criação desse subsistema foram utilizados teorias, métodos e boas práticas de avaliação de desempenho humano. Na elaboração das simulações e avaliações de desempenho humano foram utilizadas normas de preparação e resposta a emergências e protocolos para realização de exercícios simulados, vigentes no Estado de São Paulo, além do apoio de profissionais especialistas (Corpo de Bombeiros de São Carlos). A modelagem, as simulações e as ontologias utilizadas neste projeto foram desenvolvidas de maneira integrada pelos alunos do laboratório WINDIS. Como parte individual deste trabalho, foram desenvolvidos três módulos que possibilitam, respectivamente, a configuração de avaliações de treinamentos, o monitoramento e avaliação de treinamentos em tempo de execução (com medição adequada para o cenário proposto, interação do instrutor com a simulação e análise de competências individuais e em equipe) e a análise e orientação pós-ação. Dois cenários foram desenvolvidos como prova de conceito, um para o treinamento do painel de controle do caminhão do corpo de bombeiros e outro de combate a incêndio com ataque indireto.