O trabalho tem como objetivo avaliar a eficácia do processo de implantação de um programa de acreditação laboratorial através de indicadores. O uso dos indicadores vem sendo cada vez mais valorizado na gestão laboratorial por tratar-se de uma poderosa ferramenta para qualificar e quantificar falhas nos diferentes processos laboratoriais, bem como, auxiliar na implantação de medidas preventivas e corretivas, além de apontar a eficácia das ações tomadas. Nesse contexto, foi utilizado o modelo do Programa de Acreditação de Laboratórios Clínicos da Sociedade Brasileira de Patologia Clínica/Medicina Laboratorial (PALC SBPC/ML), o qual foi aplicado no Laboratório Unimed de Sorocaba. O ano de 2008 foi o ponto inicial para adequação do laboratório aos requisitos do PALC. Foram definidos 25 indicadores, sendo 14 focados aos aspectos gerenciais e 11 relacionados ao processo produtivo. Um grupo formado por 19 indicadores pôde ser comparado aos adotados pelo Programa de Indicadores Laboratoriais da SBPC/ML-ControlLab. A coleta de dados corresponde ao período entre 2006 e 2011. Para os indicadores avaliados pelo Programa de Indicadores Laboratoriais da SBPC/ML-ControlLab estabeleceu-se como meta a ser alcançada pelo Laboratório Unimed Sorocaba a mediana dos resultados obtidos pelos laboratórios participantes do programa. A análise estatística revelou que 10 indicadores apresentaram resultados satisfatórios e 4 Keila Furtado Vieira demonstraram piora. Outros 4 não apresentaram mudanças significativas e 7 não foram passíveis de análise estatística. Para os indicadores que se mostraram deficientes foram traçados planos de ação visando elevar a eficiência das respectivas atividades. A melhora dos indicadores refletiu as reestruturações de processo ocorridas para adequação à norma de acreditação escolhida / The aim of the present study was to evaluate the efficacy of implementation of a laboratory certification program by using laboratory quality indicators. The use of such indicators has been increasingly valued in laboratory management because it is a powerful tool to quantitatively and qualitatively measure mistakes in laboratory process, as well as in implementation of corrective and preventive measures and to identify the efficacy of the actions taken. The Clinical Laboratories Accreditation Program of the Brazilian Society of Clinical Pathology/Laboratory Medicine was applied in the UNIMED Sorocaba Clinical Laboratory (São Paulo, Brazil). Implementation of the requirements for certification started in 2008. Twenty four indicators were defined, 14 of those focused on management aspects and 11 focused on production aspects. A group composed of 19 indicators could be compared to those adopted by the Brazilian Society of Clinical Pathology/Laboratory Medicine and ControlLab named Laboratory Indicators Program. Data collection and analysis were performed between 2006 and 2011. The goal was to reach the median of the results established by the Laboratory Indicators Program. Statistical analysis revealed that 10 indicators presented satisfactory results, whereas 4 showed a worsened outcome. Four indicators did not change and 7 indicators could not be used for statistical analysis. Action planning was designed for the indicators below the acceptable levels Keila Furtado Vieira in order to improve the efficiency in those activities. Improvement of these indicators reflected the implementation of processes to adequate it to the guidelines of the certification program

O trabalho tem como objetivo avaliar a eficácia do processo de implantação de um programa de acreditação laboratorial através de indicadores. O uso dos indicadores vem sendo cada vez mais valorizado na gestão laboratorial por tratar-se de uma poderosa ferramenta para qualificar e quantificar falhas nos diferentes processos laboratoriais, bem como, auxiliar na implantação de medidas preventivas e corretivas, além de apontar a eficácia das ações tomadas. Nesse contexto, foi utilizado o modelo do Programa de Acreditação de Laboratórios Clínicos da Sociedade Brasileira de Patologia Clínica/Medicina Laboratorial (PALC SBPC/ML), o qual foi aplicado no Laboratório Unimed de Sorocaba. O ano de 2008 foi o ponto inicial para adequação do laboratório aos requisitos do PALC. Foram definidos 25 indicadores, sendo 14 focados aos aspectos gerenciais e 11 relacionados ao processo produtivo. Um grupo formado por 19 indicadores pôde ser comparado aos adotados pelo Programa de Indicadores Laboratoriais da SBPC/ML-ControlLab. A coleta de dados corresponde ao período entre 2006 e 2011. Para os indicadores avaliados pelo Programa de Indicadores Laboratoriais da SBPC/ML-ControlLab estabeleceu-se como meta a ser alcançada pelo Laboratório Unimed Sorocaba a mediana dos resultados obtidos pelos laboratórios participantes do programa. A análise estatística revelou que 10 indicadores apresentaram resultados satisfatórios e 4 Keila Furtado Vieira demonstraram piora. Outros 4 não apresentaram mudanças significativas e 7 não foram passíveis de análise estatística. Para os indicadores que se mostraram deficientes foram traçados planos de ação visando elevar a eficiência das respectivas atividades. A melhora dos indicadores refletiu as reestruturações de processo ocorridas para adequação à norma de acreditação escolhida / The aim of the present study was to evaluate the efficacy of implementation of a laboratory certification program by using laboratory quality indicators. The use of such indicators has been increasingly valued in laboratory management because it is a powerful tool to quantitatively and qualitatively measure mistakes in laboratory process, as well as in implementation of corrective and preventive measures and to identify the efficacy of the actions taken. The Clinical Laboratories Accreditation Program of the Brazilian Society of Clinical Pathology/Laboratory Medicine was applied in the UNIMED Sorocaba Clinical Laboratory (São Paulo, Brazil). Implementation of the requirements for certification started in 2008. Twenty four indicators were defined, 14 of those focused on management aspects and 11 focused on production aspects. A group composed of 19 indicators could be compared to those adopted by the Brazilian Society of Clinical Pathology/Laboratory Medicine and ControlLab named Laboratory Indicators Program. Data collection and analysis were performed between 2006 and 2011. The goal was to reach the median of the results established by the Laboratory Indicators Program. Statistical analysis revealed that 10 indicators presented satisfactory results, whereas 4 showed a worsened outcome. Four indicators did not change and 7 indicators could not be used for statistical analysis. Action planning was designed for the indicators below the acceptable levels Keila Furtado Vieira in order to improve the efficiency in those activities. Improvement of these indicators reflected the implementation of processes to adequate it to the guidelines of the certification program

Este trabalho concentra-se no aumento da robustez à taxa de erros em redes de sensores sem fio industriais (RSSFI). Para alcançar tal objetivo, é preciso, de algum modo, contornar os problemas intrínsecos da comunicação sem fio, que são, o ruído ambiental, interferências e desvanecimento por multipercurso. O multipercurso pode ser considerado um dos principais fatores que tornam as comunicações nas redes de sensores sem fio (RSSF) um verdadeiro desafio quando comparadas com outros meios, como a transmissão em fibra óptica, cabo ou mesmo transmissões de rádio ponto-a-ponto. Nesse sentido, propõe-se a diversidade de antenas como uma solução para minimizar os efeitos do multicaminho, com o objetivo de melhorar a confiabilidade do enlace de rádio para permitir o emprego de RSSF densas. O potencial da diversidade de antenas em RSSF não está totalmente explorado em aplicações industriais. Esta dissertação apresenta ainda, a técnica “Combinação de seleção” para RSSFI através de um algoritmo que seleciona a porta do receptor que apresenta o melhor indicador de qualidade de enlace e realiza a comutação das antenas nos módulos de rádio. Os resultados são analisados para dois tipos de enlaces, isto é, com e sem diversidade de antenas na recepção, e discute-se opções para melhorar o PER (“Packet Error Rate”) com as atuais técnicas de diversidade. / This work concentrates on the increase of reliability and robustness in Industrial Wireless Sensor Networks (IWSNs), decreasing the Packet Error Rate (PER). To achieve this objective, is need to somehow circumvent and reduce the underlying problems of wireless communication, which are: environmental noise, interference, and multipath fading. The multipath can be seen as the main factor which becomes the communications in the Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) a real challenge when compared to other types of means such as a transmission in fiber, cable or even point-to-point radio transmissions. In this sense, it is proposed antenna diversity as solution to reduce these effects, with the aim to improve the reliability of the radio link to allow the use of dense WSNs. The potential of antenna diversity in WSN is not fully exploited in industrial applications. In this sense, this dissertation presents the "Combination of selection" technique for IWSNs through an internal algorithm that selects the receiver port that has the highest LQI ("Link Quality Indicator") and performs an antenna switching in the radio modules. Also, options to improve PER using diversity techniques are discussed.

Notre thèse propose d'étudier la précision des calculs par la méthode des éléments finis (MEF) au moyen "d'indicateurs de qualité". Les indicateurs de qualité représentent des formules simples qui permettent d'évaluer la qualité des calculs par éléments finis. La qualité de l'analyse numérique est évaluée par rapport à la discrétisation. Le modèle mathématique est considéré correct et les erreurs résultant du choix des propriétés des matériaux ne sont pas pris en compte. Nous avons défini les formulations mathématiques de ces indicateurs de qualité, ainsi que leurs limites inférieures et supérieures. Grâce au choix de formulations simples, il est facile de les introduire dans un logiciel de calcul par éléments finis. Ils ont été implémentés dans le code de calcul CESAR-LCPC, module Mécanique en Comportement Non Linéaire. Afin de démontrer qu'ils ont été correctement définis et de tester leur fiabilité, ces indicateurs de qualité sont testés sur un certain nombre de problèmes simples en 2D et en 3D. Après avoir prouvé leur capacité à caractériser la qualité de la discrétisation des modèles d'éléments finis, nous les avons testés sur le cas d'une excavation de palplanches butonnées (site expérimental de Hochstetten, près de Karlsruhe). La précision des résultats en termes de propriétés mécaniques choisies pour le sol et les structures n'a pas été étudiée. Nous avons également démontré que les résultats sont indépendants des propriétés mécaniques choisies pour le sol ou la structure / The thesis proposes to study the accuracy of the finite element method (FEM) analyses by means of « quality indicators ». The quality indicators represent simple mathematical formulas that are designed to evaluate the reliability of the numerical analyses. The accuracy of the discretization modeling of these analyses is determined ; the mathematical model is considered correct and the errors resulting from the choice of the mechanical properties of the soil are not taken into account. We proposed the mathematical formulations of the quality indicators and also established their lower and upper bounds. Due to their simple mathematical formulation, the quality indicators are easily implemented in any finite element computer code. We have introduced them in the CESAR-LCPC finite element computer code, namely in the nonlinear mechanical execution module. The proposed quality indicators are used on a number of simple 2D and 3D problems elastic and elastoplastic problems in order to assess the jump in stress values in the nodes of the generated mesh. After testing the accuracy of the discretization modeling of these numerical analyses, we evaluated the discretization modeling quality of a braced sheetpile excavation (Hochstetten experimental site, near Karlsruhe). The accuracy of the results based on the mechanical properties of the soil and the structure has not been studied. Also, we proved that the quality indicator results are independent of the chosen mechanical properties for the soil or structure

Frequency-domain scheduling, multiple antenna techniques, and rate adaptation enable next generation orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) cellular systems such as Long Term Evolution (LTE) to achieve significantly higher downlink spectral efficiencies. However, this comes at the expense of increased feedback overhead on the uplink. LTE uses a pragmatic combination of several techniques to reduce the channel state feedback required by a frequency-domain scheduler. In subband-level feedback scheme specified in LTE, the user reduces feedback by only reporting the channel quality indicator (CQI) computed over groups of resource blocks called subbands. LTE also specifies an alternate user selected subband feedback scheme, in which the feedback overhead is reduced even further by making each user feed back the indices of the best M subbands and only one CQI value averaged over all the M subbands. The coarse frequency granularity of the feedback in the above schemes leads to an occasional incorrect determination of rate by the scheduler for some resource blocks. The overall throughput of LTE depends on the method used to generate the CQI and the statistics of the channel, which depends on the multiple antenna technique used. In this thesis, we develop closed-form expressions for the throughput achieved by the user selected and subband-level CQI feedback schemes of LTE. The comprehensive analysis quantifies the joint effects of four critical components on the overall system throughput, namely, scheduler, multiple antenna mode, CQI feedback scheme, and CQI generation method. The performance of a wide range of schedulers, namely, round robin, greedy, and proportional fair schedulers and several multiple antenna diversity modes such as receive antenna diversity and open-and closed-loop transmit diversity is analyzed. The analysis clearly brings out the dependence of the overall system throughput on important parameters such as number of resource blocks per subband and the rate adaptation thresholds. The effect of the coarse subband-level frequency granularity of feedback is explicitly captured. The analysis provides an independent theoretical reference and a quick system parameter optimization tool to an LTE system designer. It also helps us theoretically understand the behavior of OFDMA feedback reduction techniques when operated under practical system constraints. Another contribution of this thesis is a new statistical model for the effective exponential SNR mapping (EESM), which is a highly non-linear mapping that is widely used in the design, analysis, and simulation of OFDMA systems. The statistical model is shown to be both accurate and analytically tractable, and plays a crucial role in facilitating the analysis of the throughput of LTE when EESM is used to generate the CQI.

Thesis deals with the definition of quality health care, quality management approaches, quality measurement and strategies that help us to achieve a better level of quality. Another part of this work defines indicator of quality, properties, the development phase and what it is used. The aim of this work is to define a set of national indicators of quality health care in the Czech Republic.

No description available.

Ziel der vorliegenden Masterarbeit ist die Entwicklung von Qualitätsindikatoren für den Prozess „Empfehlungen der Apotheke zur Weiterführung der Medikation“ im Klinikum Mutterhaus. Damit soll ein Instrument entwickelt werden, das patientenbezogene Dienstleistungen der Krankenhausapotheker an der intersektoralen Schnittstelle im Hinblick auf das Qualitätsziel Arzneimitteltherapiesicherheit messen und bewerten kann. Schwachstellen und Verbesserungspotentiale über den Verantwortungsbereich der Apotheke hinaus sollen identifiziert und in einen kontinuierlichen Verbesserungsprozess eingebracht werden können. Methodik: Zur Entwicklung der Qualitätsindikatoren wurde ein mehrstufiges Verfahren gewählt. Zunächst wurden die Qualitätsziele des Prozesses definiert und eine Prozessanalyse durchgeführt. Die Literaturrecherche auf nationaler und internationaler Ebene gab Anhaltspunkte zur Ableitung von Qualitätsindikatoren. Basierend auf der Prozessanalyse und der Literaturrecherche wurden Qualitätsindikatoren für den Prozess „Empfehlungen der Apotheke zur Weiterführung der Medikation“ entwickelt. Anhand einer retrospektiven Datenerhebung wurden die entwickelten Qualitätsindikatoren auf ihre Aussagekraft und Eignung geprüft. Der Prozess wurde mit Hilfe der Qualitätsindikatoren gemessen und bewertet. Schlussfolgerung: Mit Hilfe von fünf Qualitätsindikatoren-Sets kann der Prozess „Empfehlungen der Apotheke zur Weiterführung der Medikation“ umfassend untersucht werden. Die entwickelten Qualitätsindikatoren sind geeignet, die pharmazeutische Dienstleistung im Hinblick auf das Qualitätsziel Arzneimitteltherapiesicherheit zu messen und zu bewerten. Sie ermöglichen die Evaluation des Prozesses und zukünftiger Verbesserungsmaßnahmen. Anhand der Qualitätsindikatoren wird zukünftig ein Monitoring der Dienstleistung möglich sein. / Purpose: The aim of this thesis is the development of quality indicators for the process "recommendations of the pharmacy to continue patient’s medication" at Klinikum Mutterhaus. An instrument is to be developed that can measure and rate the patient-related services of the hospital pharmacist at the intersectoral interface in terms of quality target in medication safety. Weaknesses and potential improvements should be identified and incorporated into a continuous improvement process. Methods: A multistage process is selected for the development of the quality indicators. First, the quality objectives of the process are defined and a process analysis is performed. A literature review on national and international level shall provide evidence for the derivation of quality indicators. Based on the process analysis and the literature review the quality indicators for the "Recommendations of the pharmacy to continue patient`s medication” are developed. In a retrospective data collection, the developed quality indicators are tested for their validity and suitability. The process is finally measured by the quality indicators and evaluated. Conclusion: With the help of five quality indicator sets the process "recommendations of the pharmacy to continue patient’s medication" can be fully investigated. The developed quality indicators are suitable to measure and evaluate the process in terms of the quality target medication safety. So the evaluation of the process and future improvements are possible. On the basis of the quality indicators a monitoring of the process can be established in the future.

No description available.

Wireless communication networks have evolved continuously over the last four decades in order to meet the traffic and security requirements due to the ever-increasing amount of traffic. However this increase is projected to be massive for the fifth generation of wireless networks (5G), with a targeted capacity enhancement of 1000× w.r.t. 4G networks. This enhanced capacity is possible by a combination of major approaches (a) overhaul of some parts and (b) elimination of overhead and redundancies of the current 4G. In this work we focus on OFDM reference signal or pilot tones, which are used for channel estimation, link adaptation and other crucial functions in Long-Term Evolution (LTE). We investigate two aspects of pilot signals pertaining to its evolution - (a) impact of targeted interference on pilots and its mitigation and (b) adaptation of pilot patterns to match the channel conditions of the user. We develop theoretical models that accurately quantify the performance degradation at the user’s receiver in the presence of a multi-tone pilot jammer. We develop and evaluate mitigation algorithms to mitigate power constrained multi-tone pilot jammers in SISO- and full rank spatial multiplexing MIMO-OFDM systems. Our results show that the channel estimation performance can be restored even in the presence of a strong pilot jammer. We also show that full rank spatial multiplexing in the presence of a synchronized pilot jammer (transmitting on pilot locations only) is possible when the channel is flat between two pilot locations in either time or frequency. We also present experimental results of multi-tone broadcast pilot jamming (Jamming of Cell Specific Reference Signal) in the LTE downlink. Our results show that full-band jamming of pilots needs 5 dB less power than jamming the entire downlink signal, in order to cause Denial of Service (DoS) to the users. In addition to this, we have identified and demonstrated a previously unreported issue with LTE termed ‘Channel Quality Indicator (CQI) Spoofing’. In this scenario, the attacker tricks the user terminal into thinking that the channel quality is good, by transmitting interference transmission only on the data locations, while deliberately avoiding the pilots. This jamming strategy leverages the dependence of the adaptive modulation and coding (AMC) schemes on the CQI estimate in LTE. Lastly, we investigate the idea of pilot pattern adaptation for SISO- and spatial multiplexing MIMO-OFDM systems. We present a generic heuristic algorithm to predict the optimal pilot spacing and power in a nonstationary doubly selective channel (channel fading in both time and frequency). The algorithm fits estimated channel statistics to stored codebook channel profiles and uses it to maximize the upper bound on the constrained capacity. We demonstrate up to a 30% improvement in ergodic capacity using our algorithm and describe ways to minimize feedback requirements while adapting pilot patterns in multi-band carrier aggregation systems. We conclude this work by identifying scenarios where pilot adaptation can be implemented in current wireless networks and provide some guidelines to adapt pilots for 5G. / Master of Science