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No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE-PAOLA S CAMPOS.pdf: 1432214 bytes, checksum: b6f14302db8f7ca8d3de82163d6b4fa1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-11-19 / FAPEAM - Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Amazonas / The aquatic ecosystem of the Amazon has been the target of environmental contamination by the indiscriminate use of herbicides, endangering diversity and abundance of aquatic macrophytes in the region. Little is known about the effects of herbicides on species of aquatic macrophytes occurring in the Amazon, most ecotoxicological studies are conducted with Lemna sp. species which is used as representative of the effects of pesticides on the community of macrophytes. In addition, the maximum permissible values for the herbicides in use in Brazil are not established by law. This work aimed to investigate the chronic toxicity of diuron, glyphosate and paraquat in seven species of Amazonian aquatic macrophytes (Azolla filiculoides, Cabomba aquatica, Limnobium laevigatum, Pistia stratiotes, Phyllanthus fluitans, Salvinia auriculata, Spirodela polyrhiza), allowing to outline strategies for their protection based on the use of the method of distribution of species sensitivity and suggest maximum allowable values for each herbicide. First, the median effect concentration (EC50) of the herbicides tested individually for the seven species was determined, followed by the calculation of the concentrations of risk affecting 5% of species (HC5) using the concept of species sensitivity distribution (SSD). The maximum allowable values for each herbicide in aquatic environments in the Amazon have been proposed. Based on the results of EC50, paraquat was more toxic, followed by glyphosate and diuron, and the species S. auriculata e A. filiculoides were more sensitive to exposure to the herbicide, whereas C. aquatica showed lower sensitivity. HC5 values showed that the Amazonian species are more sensitive than the standard species Lemna sp.. HC5 values generated with the construction of the SSD have been proposed for formulating standards for water quality, with respect to the group of aquatic macrophytes, being the maximum values suggested of 0.06 μg/L, 0.18 μg/L e 0.33 μg/L to glyphosate, paraquat and diuron, respectively. Therefore, this work is one of the pioneers in performing toxicity tests on aquatic macrophytes with herbicides in the Amazon region, thus contributing to increase the number of ecotoxicological data.vIt also serves as a starting point for discussions involving the determination of maximum allowable values herbicide to the aquatic environment of the Amazon aimed at protecting this group. / O ecossistema aquático da Amazônia vem sendo alvo de contaminação ambiental pelo uso indiscriminado de herbicidas, colocando em risco a diversidade e abundância das macrófitas aquáticas da região. Pouco se sabe a respeito dos efeitos dos herbicidas em espécies de macrófitas aquáticas amazônicas, sendo a maioria dos estudos ecotoxicológicos desenvolvidos com a espécie Lemna sp., que é utilizada como representativa dos efeitos dos agrotóxicos sobre a comunidade de macrófitas. Além disso, os valores máximos permitidos para os herbicidas em uso no Brasil não estão estabelecidos em lei. O presente trabalho teve como proposta investigar a toxicidade crônica do diuron, glifosato e paraquat em sete espécies de macrófitas aquáticas de ocorrência na Amazônia (Azolla filiculoides, Cabomba aquatica, Limnobium laevigatum, Pistia stratiotes, Phyllanthus fluitans, Salvinia auriculata, Spirodela polyrhiza), permitindo delinear estratégias para sua proteção com base na utilização do método de distribuição de sensibilidade de espécies, e sugerir valores máximos permitidos para cada herbicida. Primeiramente, foi determinada a concentração de efeito mediana (CE50) dos herbicidas, testados individualmente para as sete espécies. Em seguida foram determinadas as concentrações de risco que afetam 5% das espécies (HC5) utilizando o conceito de distribuição de sensibilidade de espécies (DSE). Os valores máximos permitidos para cada herbicida em ambientes aquáticos na Amazônia foram propostos. Com base nos resultados da CE50, o paraquat se mostrou mais tóxico, seguido do glifosato e diuron, e as espécies S. auriculata e A. filiculoides foram às espécies mais sensíveis à exposição dos herbicidas, enquanto que C. aquatica apresentou uma menor sensibilidade. Os valores de HC5 evidenciaram que a espécies amazônicas são mais sensíveis que a espécie padrão Lemna sp. Os valores de HC5 gerados com a construção das DSEs foram propostos para a formulação dos padrões de qualidade de água, no que diz respeito ao grupo das macrófitas aquáticas, sendo os valores máximos sugeridos para 0,06 μg/L, 0,18 μg/L, 0,33 μg/L para glifosato, paraquat e diuron, respectivamente. Este trabalho é um dos pioneiros na realização de testes de toxicidade em macrófitas aquáticas da região amazônica com herbicidas. Ele contribui para ampliar o número de dados ecotoxicológicos e serve como ponto de partida para as discussões envolvendo a determinação de valores máximos permitidos de herbicidas para o ambiente aquático da Amazônia que visem proteger este grupo.

Soil pollution by heavy metals caused by anthropogenic activities is a problem in many countries. Cadmium (Cd) is one of the most hazardous elements due to its relatively high mobility in soils and transfer to plants. The main human exposure pathway to Cd is through the vegetable consumption and depends on the exposure scenario. Thus, defining a critical limit of Cd in soil is necessary. Barium is an earth alkaline element that can be toxic to humans and plants when it is present in the free form (Ba2+). However, only few studies have focused on Ba in soil. Soil characteristics influence Cd and Ba availability for plant uptake. Both metals may affect plant growth and metabolism and cause oxidative stress. The aims of this study were: (i) to compare tropical and temperate datasets to establish critical soil Cd concentrations for the State of São Paulo, Brazil; (ii) to evaluate the influence of liming on Cd availability and accumulation in lettuce in order to calculate site specific critical soil Cd concentrations for two typical tropical soils from the State of São Paulo; (iii) to evaluate the effects of Cd and Ba concentrations on plant growth, lipid peroxidation and activities of antioxidant enzymes in leaves of soybean, grown in tropical soils with contrasting properties. The Cd uptake from the tropical dataset was higher as compared to the temperate dataset. Critical soil Cd concentrations were from 1.7 to 3.2- fold lower when tropical soil data were used. It is suggested that only literature data, regarding Cd in soils and vegetables, from tropical regions should be used for the State of São Paulo to derive critical soil Cd concentrations. Cadmium accumulated linearly in lettuce at soil concentrations up to 12 mg kg-1. In both soils, a slight reduction on Cd uptake was observed as a response to liming. The calculated critical soil Cd concentrations were lower in the Ultisol because of the differences in soil characteristics. Besides, there was a positive correlation with the vegetable consumption rates. Cadmium strongly reduced soybean growth at concentrations from 5.2 mg kg-1, while Ba only slightly reduced at 600 mg kg-1 in the sandy Entisol. The activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione reductase were dependent mainly on the soil type: soybean plants grown in the Entisol suffered higher oxidative stress than those grown in the clayey Oxisol and, consequently, responded less to the increase of metal concentrations. / A poluição do solo por metais pesados causada principalmente por atividades antrópicas é um problema em muitos países. Cádmio (Cd) é um dos elementos mais perigosos devido à sua mobilidade relativamente alta em solos e transferência para as plantas. A principal via de exposição humana ao Cd é por meio do consumo de vegetais e depende do cenário de exposição. Assim, a definição de um limite crítico de Cd no solo é necessária. O bário (Ba) é um elemento alcalino-terroso que pode ser tóxico aos seres humanos e às plantas, quando absorvido na sua forma livre (Ba2+). No entanto, há poucos estudos sobre Ba em solos. As características do solo influenciam na disponibilidade de Cd e Ba para absorção pelas plantas. Ambos os metais podem afetar o crescimento e metabolismo das plantas e causar estresse oxidativo. Os objetivos deste estudo foram: (i) comparar resultados oriundos de regiões tropicais e temperadas para determinar concentrações críticas de Cd em solos para o Estado de São Paulo; (ii) avaliar a influência da calagem na disponibilidade e no acúmulo de Cd em plantas de alface, a fim de calcular as concentrações críticas de Cd específicas para solos do Estado de São Paulo; e (iii) avaliar os efeitos das concentrações de Cd e Ba no crescimento das plantas, na peroxidação lipídica e na atividade de enzimas antioxidantes em folhas de soja, cultivada em solos tropicais com propriedades contrastantes. A absorção de Cd a partir do conjunto de dados de solos tropicais foi maior em relação ao de dados de clima temperado. As concentrações críticas de Cd no solo foram de 1,7 a 3,2 vezes menores quando os dados de solos tropicais foram utilizados. Sugere-se que apenas resultados de literatura de regiões tropicais, em relação a Cd em solos e vegetais, sejam utilizados para o Estado de São Paulo para derivação de concentrações críticas de Cd em solo. O Cd acumulou linearmente em alface em concentrações de até 12 mg kg-1 no solo. Apenas uma leve redução na absorção de Cd em resposta à calagem foi observada tanto no Latossolo quanto no Argissolo. As concentrações críticas de Cd foram menores no Argissolo do que no Latossolo, devido às diferenças nas características dos mesmos. Tais concentrações críticas tiveram correlação positiva com o consumo de hortaliças. O Cd reduziu fortemente o crescimento da soja em concentrações a partir de 5,2 mg kg-1, enquanto Ba causou apenas ligeira redução na dose de 600 mg kg-1 no Neossolo Quartzarênico. As atividades das enzimas superóxido dismutase, catalase e glutationa redutase dependeram, principalmente, do tipo de solo. Assim, as plantas de soja cultivadas no Neossolo sofreram mais estresse oxidativo do que as cultivadas no Latossolo. Conseqüentemente, a resposta das enzimas ao aumento das concentrações de metais foi pequena.

This paper deals with one of quality standards in homecare services {--} individual planning during the homecare services. It shows principal and content of individual planning during the assistance with a client on present legislative background. It pays attention to homecare services characteristic and specification of its target group, particularly to skills, knowledge and key competences of employees, who are necessary for discovering clients´ personal goals, activating their resources and settling adequate support. There are also integrated theoretical requirements with practical instructions of methods usage and techniques of individual planning during homecare services with communicative and non-communicative clients. These principals are contact, dialog and relationship between key worker and client. The aim of this material is to give proposal for methodical content of individual planning in homecare services, thus set of rules describing course of this process.

Os sistemas supervisÃrios estÃo cada vez mais presentes no cotidiano da indÃstria, pois a garantia de se ter informaÃÃo sobre os processos de produÃÃo em diversos locais simultaneamente à essencial para um bom monitoramento e controle. Contudo, a maioria dos desenvolvedores destas ferramentas nÃo utilizam modelos de desenvolvimento, tampouco mÃtodos de avaliaÃÃo da qualidade de softwares, tornando os projetos mais dispendiosos, devido ao retrabalho, e causando insatisfaÃÃo aos clientes devido ao nÃo cumprimento aos requisitos fundamentais. Portanto, existe uma necessidade de organizaÃÃo do processo de desenvolvimento e avaliaÃÃo de supervisÃrios. As normas ISO/IEC 9126 e 14598 sÃo utilizadas na metodologia proposta, pois fornecem um bom suporte para a identificaÃÃo das caracterÃsticas essenciais de um supervisÃrio, para a criaÃÃo de um padrÃo de qualidade e para o desenvolvimento de uma metodologia de avaliaÃÃo. Este trabalho apresenta uma proposta de modelo para o desenvolvimento de softwares supervisÃrios, acompanhado por um mÃtodo de avaliaÃÃo da qualidade baseado em lÃgica fuzzy para analisar as opiniÃes subjetivas de especialistas da Ãrea a respeito de requisitos de supervisÃrios. A eficiÃncia do uso do modelo foi verificada em Ãmbito educacional atravÃs de um projeto realizado por estudantes. A avaliaÃÃo revelou a qualidade de cada requisito e mostrou que o software completo atendeu a 69% do padrÃo de qualidade. Os atributos que estavam com ou sem falhas foram identificados e a avaliaÃÃo mostra quais erros precisam ser sanados para que o software seja entregue ao cliente. / The supervisory systems are increasingly present in everyday industry, because the guarantee of having information about production processes in diverse locations simultaneously is essential to good monitoring and control. However, developers these tools do not utilize development models, nor methods for assessing software quality, making projects more expensive, due to rework, and causing client dissatisfaction for not meeting fundamental requirements. Therefore, there is a need to organize the process of development and evaluation for supervision softwares. ISO / IEC 9126 and 14598 are used in methodology, as they provide good support to identify essential characteristics of supervisory software, to create quality standard and to development of evaluation methodology. This research proposes model for development of supervisory software, accompanied by method of quality assessment based on fuzzy logic to analyze subjective opinions of specialists about supervisory requirements. The efficiency to use model was verified in educational field through a project realized by students. The assessment revealed quality of each requirement and showed that the complete software attended 69% of the standard of quality. The attributes that were with or without failures were identified, and the evaluation shows errors that need to be solved for software can be delivered for client.

This diploma thesis deals with the possibilities of professional development of primary school teachers. The focus is on different forms of peer support for teachers, with an emphasis on inter-school observation as a natural way of practical development. There is also a collegial support project presented through the innovative program Step by step, which has been already implemented in many schools. The peer support project is presented in the empirical section, involving teachers from different types of schools who participated in inter-school observation visits. The pre-research was conducted through semi-structured interviews gathering information about the course expectations, followed by an experiment that was evaluated and analyzed during the recorded interviews. A dedicated website was also created providing a supporting environment for its users. KEYWORDS collegial support, professional development, teacher cooperation, teacher quality standard, supervision, mentoring, learning community, observation

This diploma thesis deals with the process of individual planning focusing on the care in the organization providing domiciliary services and care services. The theoretical section devoted attention to the development of social services in the Czech Republic. Furthermore, it specifies care services as well as personal assistance services. According to the Act 108/2006 Coll., on social services, providers of social services are obligated to draw up quality standards of social services and to respect them. In the theoretical section, there are briefly described all quality standards of social services. The thesis is focused mainly on quality standard No. 5 (The Individual Planning in Social Services). The public notice No. 505/2006 Coll. defines the criteria, which are obligatory to be respected by providers of social services. The aim of the thesis was to find out, how are the criteria of the quality standard No. 5 ensured by providers of personal assistance and care services. A partial aim of the work was to outline, to which users makes the individual planning the biggest difficulties. H1: Difficulty of meeting quality standard No. 5 declines with the increasing number of activities, required from the user of the social service. I?ve chosen a qualitative research to test the hypothesis and for achievement of the objectives. The relevant qualitative research relied on the questioning method. Questions in the first part of the questionnaire are directed to the main objective of the thesis, questions in the second part to the stopover and to the testing of the hypothesis. For the selected questions, I carried out a statistical analysis of dependence in the cross tabulations and an analysis based on the uncertainty coefficient by using the SPSS program. As part of my research, I approached provider of the care and personal assistance in the South Bohemian Region via e-mail. 167 completed questionnaires returned back. After summarizing of these results, we can conclude that the criteria of the quality standard No. 5 are reflected by the vast majority of providers. The providers have a written methodology for individual planning and they practice it. They plan together with the user, taking into account his personal target and they evaluate the plan collectively. They have a written system for the transmission of information about an individual users? planning and the staff follows it. Individual planning makes the greatest difficulties to the providers with users using only a small scale care. This fact is confirmed by the results of statistical analysis. Based on respondents' answers, the hypothesis that the difficulty of meeting the quality of standard No. 5 decreases with increasing number of required activities by the user of social services, can be consider as valid.

Old age and aging become an increasingly topical issue. All periods of human life are very important, but old age is the last stage of life, it is the crowning of human life. Aging and the period of old age brings many changes. An important change in seniors' lives may be moving in a residential care, for example a residential home for elderly people. This change can be very difficult and problematic. Human rights should be still respected as well as a person's needs should be met. Nevertheless peoples' needs change with age, some grow more important and others become minor. Every person in the world without exception has freedom and rights that should be respected no matter the race, nationality, religion, education, sexual orientation, gender or age. The topic of this thesis is The Respect for the Rights of Seniors in Nursing Homes. The aim is to map different points of view on respect for the rights of older people in particular nursing homes. Two sub-goals have been set. The first sub-goal is to find out how employees of a concrete nursing home perceive the respect for rights of elderly people. The second sub-goal is to find out how the seniors perceive the respect for their rights by employees in a concrete nursing house. The strategy of qualitative research, the questioning method and the semi-structured interview technique were used during the research. The main research question was set What are the risk areas while respecting the human rights in a concrete nursing home? To answer the main research question other six more specific component research questions were stated. The research showed that employees of a particular home for the elderly perceive that the rights are respected for the domains of physiological needs, the needs of safety and security, the needs of solidarity and love, respect and recognition needs and the need of self-realization. The most difficult areas of human rights to respect are the right to personal protection, equality and the dignity. According to seniors' answers we can understand that the biggest limitation in hygiene and movement domain is experienced by immobile seniors. Those who stay mobile do not feel isolated and they feel their freedom. On the other hand the seniors in the category below sixty years of age feel limited by their age and this has an impact on their feeling of isolation and unsociability. I have given the results of this work to the Nursing Home XY as a feedback from seniors on services provided in this nursing home. Results have also been used in the Nursing Home XY during the Quality Standard no.2 revision called "Protection of Rights".

Petra Slaná ABSTRACT The thesis "Quality of domiciliary services from a user's perspective" deals with issues of quality of care services. Its aim was to find out what users expect from a quality service. Based on qualitative research and knowledge gained from practice was also to create a methodology for user satisfaction domiciliary services. The thesis consists of two parts, theoretical and empirical. The theoretical part contains the definition of old age, approaching the issue of aging, self-sufficiency and human needs in old age. It provides demographic and statistic data about the aging population. It focuses on social services in general, their definition, types and forms. It outlines the form of social services for seniors in the Czech Republic and in selected countries of European Union. It describes systems of quality used in the commercial sphere and in the service area. The theoretical part concludes with an overview of the factors which determine user satisfaction. The aim of the empirical part was to identify areas that may be an important quality of service criteria. Thanks to these users can evaluate the quality of services. To achieve this aim, was chosen qualitative research method. The empirical part of this thesis is therefore devoted to qualitative methodology of the research,...

Diplomová práce se zabývá problematikou standardů kvality poskytovaných služeb, konkrétně zvyšováním kvality sociálních služeb Domova pro seniory v Karviné. Cílem práce bylo zjistit, jak se projevuje subjektivní vnímání pracovníků ohledně způsobu poskytování sociálních služeb na základě jejich poslání, zásad poskytování služeb, osobních cílů uživatelů služby a jejich chování a postojů. Teoretická část je zaměřena na definování kvality, a to v souvislosti s kvalitou poskytovaných služeb domova pro seniory, měření a zvyšování kvality sociálních služeb. Dále se zabývá přístupy zaměřené na člověka jako model, který může být vodítkem "dobré" služby v návaznosti na možné důkazy o zvýšení kvality poskytovaných pobytových služeb pro osoby vyššího věku. Ty vycházejí především ze standardů kvality poskytovaných služeb. Postoje a chování pracovníků jsou sledovány v rámci empirické části ve vybraných situacích, které jsou v organizaci považovány z hlediska přímé péče a ochrany práv uživatele za rizikové. Na základě výsledků z ohniskových skupin jsou vytvořena doporučení, která mohou být základem pro změny v pojetí kvality v dané pobytové sociální službě a nastavení programu jejího zvyšování. Klíčová slova: Sociální služby, domov pro seniory, kvalita, měření kvality, zvyšování kvality, kvalita života seniorů,...

The thesis deals with the rights and human dignity protection with people suffering from dementia. The thesis examines the way in which human rights are guaranteed and safeguarded in international human rights law documents, but especially the way in which the Czech Republic approaches the problems, particularly social services which follow standards of social services. The thesis looks for an answer whether standards of social services quality are sufficient guarantee of human rights and dignity protection with persons, specifically with people suffering from dementia in the home with special regime. To find it out, there is used analysis of worked out standards of social services quality Human rights protection of particular social services provider. There are suggested possible resources leading to safeguarding of human rights and dignity protection with people suffering from dementia.