Em 1993, Bennett et al. [1] postularam o processo de teletransporte de um estado quântico através do uso de dois canais de comunicação, um canal clássico e outro formado por um par de sistemas emaranhados. Na área de óptica quântica, várias realizações experimentais deste teletransporte foram relatadas [2, 3, 4], tanto no domínio de variáveis contínuas como discretas. Recentemente, foi medido emaranhamento no domínio de variáveis contínuas entre feixes de luz intensos de cores distintas [5, 6, 7]. Utilizando feixes com estas características como canal de comunicação quântico, apresentamos uma proposta para o primeiro teletransporte de informação quântica com troca de informação no domínio de variáveis contínuas entre campos de cores distintas. Resultados experimentais em direção à realização da proposta foram alcançados. Os moduladores eletro-ópticos, necessários na construção e reconstrução dos estados quânticos da luz, foram caracterizados. Quatro cavidades ópticas foram construídas, com requerido pelo protocolo para feixes de luz de cores distintas. Um oscilador paramétrico óptico (OPO) foi construído para a gerar os feixes correlacionados. No entanto, ele apresentou resultados insatisfatórios, atribuídos a um defeito no cristal não linear. Por isso, um OPO com novo cristal e novos espelhos foi projetado e se encontra em fase de construção. Por fim, um tratamento teórico adequado às particularidades da proposta experimental é apresentado. / In 1993, Bennett et al. [1] postulated teleportation of quantum states by means of two communication channels, one classical and the other formed by a pair of entangled systems. In quantum optics, several experimental realizations of this teleportation process have been reported [2, 3, 4], both in the continuous and discrete variables domains. Recently, entanglement in the continuous variables domain between brigth beams of light with different colors were measured [5, 6, 7]. Using beams with these characteristics as a quantum comunication channel, we present a proposal for the first quantum information teleportation with exchange of information in the continuous variables domain between different color fields. Experimental results towards the proposal´s accomplishment have been achieved. The electro-optic modulators, needed in the preparation and reconstruction of quantum states of light, were characterized. Four optical cavities were built, as required by the protocol for multicolored light beams. An optical parametric oscillator (OPO) was built to generate the correlated beams. However, it showed unsatisfactory results, attributed to a defect in the nonlinear crystal. Therefore, an OPO with new crystal and new mirrors was designed and is under construction. Finally, a theoretical treatment appropriate to the particularities of the experimental proposal is presented.

Thesis (MTech (Information Technology))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2019 / The availability of high-speed/high-volume Data Link Layer (Layer 2) transmission networks fuelled by the implementation of mission critical and performance-intensive technologies, such as Cloud and Data Centre services transmitting sensitive data over the wide area network (WAN) has shifted the attention of hackers, eavesdroppers, cyber-criminals and other malicious attackers to the exploitation of these data transmission technologies. It is argued that security on the current classical technologies that store, transmit and manipulate information on the OSI Layer 2 have historically not been adequately addressed when it comes to secure communication and exchange of information. Quantum teleportation (QT) stemming from quantum communication a branch of quantum information science (QIS) has emerged as a technology that promise unconditional security and providing new ways to design and develop frameworks that operate based on the laws of quantum physics. It is argued that it has a potential to address the data transmission security GAP for OSI layer 2 technologies. This research study aims to propose a framework for the implementation of secure quantum teleportation infrastructures in South Africa. There is currently a lack of generic models and methods to guide the implementation of QT infrastructures that will enable secure transmission of information. A design science research (DSR) was undertaken in order to develop a secure quantum teleportation artefact called (SecureQT-Framework). SecureQT-Framework is a generic model and method that guides the selection and implementation of QT infrastructures motivated by multi-disciplinary domains such as QIS, Quantum Physics, Computer Science as well as information and communication technology (ICT). The DSR process employed a primary DSR cycle with four DSR sub-cycles which involved the awareness and suggestion phase guided by a systematic literature review (SLR), development and evaluation phase guided by Software Defined Network’s OpenFlow, Mininet, Mininet-Wifi and computer simulations for QT using SQUANCH framework. We investigated, examined and collected credible QT techniques and its variant protocols to develop and simulate secure transmission of information over the WAN, We studied their features and challenges. We concluded the study by describing the QT techniques, protocols and implementations that has potential to bridge the security GAP for OSI Layer 2 technologies over the WAN. The results gained were used in the construction of a framework for the implementation of a secure quantum teleportation infrastructure in South Africa. The framework describes the main factors that need to be taken into consideration when implementing quantum teleportation infrastructures.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:16:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 4363.pdf: 3900088 bytes, checksum: fd6c9860d749b37b41d8610825d05459 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-03-16 / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / In this master s thesis we approach the entanglement between quantum states as a resource to be used in the transmission of quantum information, particularly in quantum teleportation. Our focus was directed toward the study of partially entangled quantum states, that is, states in which the entanglement degree is below the maximum value allowed by quantum mechanics, since they are more likely to be found in actual devices than maximally entangled states. We review the properties and concepts that characterize vectors and operators from the viewpoint of linear algebra to formally present the postulates of quantum mechanics. We introduced the notion of qubits and showed how these can be applied to computing tasks via quantum logic gates.We explained in details the main quantum teleportation protocols that originated the methods used in this work, highlighting the advantages and disadvantages of each one. We presented protocols with new arrangements and introduced techniques that have improved some of the known methods, providing for those alternatives relating to construction and architecture in the arrangement of the channels. We proved that the probability associated with a multiple teleportation of a single qubit through channels in series tends to the maximum limit for a special case. We showed that imperfect states can be corrected and that it is possible to transmit a single qubit or a pair of qubits using GHZ states and modification of Bell basis states. We discussed the relationship between the final success probability value and the bases and channels degree of entanglement for each method. We concluded the thesis with a general analysis of all protocols, highlighting the most efficient ones with arguments that include theoretical and practical viewpoints. / Nesta dissertação abordamos o emaranhamento entre estados quânticos como um recurso a ser utilizado na transmissão de informação quântica, em especial no teletransporte quântico. Nosso foco foi direcionado para o estudo de estados quânticos parcialmente emaranhados, isto é, estados nos quais o teor de emaranhamento está aquém do máximo valor permitido pela mecânica quântica, visto que são mais prováveis de serem encontrados em dispositivos reais do que seriam estados maximamente emaranhados. Revisamos as propriedades e conceitos que caracterizam vetores e operadores sob a ótica da álgebra linear para em seguida apresentarmos formalmente os postulados da mecânica quântica. Introduzimos a noção de qubits e mostramos como estes podem ser aplicados em tarefas computacionais através de portas lógicas quânticas. Explicamos com detalhes os principais protocolos de teleporte quântico que originaram os métodos utilizados neste trabalho, destacando as vantagens e desvantagens de cada um. Apresentamos protocolos com arranjos inéditos e introduzimos técnicas que aperfeiçoaram alguns dos métodos de teleporte conhecidos, fornecendo alternativas para estes em relação à construção e arquitetura na disposição dos canais. Provamos que a probabilidade associada ao teleporte múltiplo de um qubit através de canais em série tende ao limite máximo para um caso especial. Mostramos que estados imperfeitos podem ser corrigidos e que é possível transmitir um qubit isolado ou um par de qubits empregando estados GHZ e modificações de estados da base de Bell. Discutimos a relação entre o valor da probabilidade de sucesso final e o grau de emaranhamento das bases e dos canais para cada método. Encerramos a dissertação com uma análise geral sobre todos os protocolos, destacando os mais eficientes com argumentos que englobam pontos de vista tanto teórico como prático.

Les boites quantiques de semiconducteurs représentent une voie attractive pour la réalisation de sources de photon efficaces pour le transfert quantique de l’information, avec un fort potentiel de miniaturisation et d’intégration. Dans ce travail, les paires de photons intriqués sont générées via le déclin radiatif de bi-excitons, à partir de boite quantiques d’InAs auto-assemblées placé dans une jonction p-i-n. Dans une première série d’expérience d’interférence à deux photons, nous avons démontré des corrélations de polarisation non classiques et la capacité de deux photons à interférer. L’intrication a été démontrée avec une fidélité de 0.87±0.04, et une visibilité des interférences de 0.60±0.05. Nous avons ensuite réalisé le premier téléporteur injecté électriquement dans un circuit à fibre monomode. Une fidélité moyenne de 0.704±0.016 a été mesurée pour 6 états distribués symétriquement sur la sphère de Poincaré, ce qui supérieur à la limite classique de 2/3 et prouve la téléportation. Un dispositif modifié de téléportation permettant d’injecter des photons à partir d’un laser continu indépendant a été développé. L’interférence à deux photons entre sources différentes a été démontrée et des battements quantiques observés. La téléportation quantique des états de polarisation portés par les photons a été obtenue avec une fidélité moyenne 0.76±0.012. Le contrôle du spin des charges confinés dans les nanostructures tels que les boites quantiques requiert une compréhension profonde de la physique des matériaux constituant, y compris au niveau nucléaire. Ainsi, nous avons démontré le contrôle électrique de l’interaction hyperfine entre les spins électroniques et nucléaires en utilisant un composant à charge ajustable. La modélisation suggère que le mécanisme est contrôlé par le temps de corrélation hyperfine de l’électron et le temps de dépolarisation du noyau. / Semiconductor quantum dots offer an attractive route towards efficient and high-quality photon sources for optical quantum information applications, with potential for miniaturization and integration on chip. Here, entangled photon pairs are generated in the biexcitonic radiative cascade resulting from electrical excitation of InAs self-assembled quantum dots placed in a p-i-n diode. In a first set of experiments the non-classical polarisation correlations and the ability to interfere the photons in two-photon interference experiments was verified, finding entanglement fidelities of up to 0.87±0.04 and interference visibilities up to 0.60±0.05. Encouraged by the two-photon interference experiments, the first directly electrically driven teleporter was implemented in a single-mode fibre circuit. An average fidelity of 0.704±0.016 was achieved for six states symmetrically distributed on the Poincaré sphere, beating the classical limit of 2/3 and proving that quantum teleportation is taking place. A modified teleportation setup allowed for the accommodation of input photons from an independent CW laser. Two-photon interference between the dissimilar light sources was demonstrated and quantum beats could be observed. Quantum teleportation of polarisation states carried by laser photons was then performed with average fidelity 0.76±0.012. Controlling confined charge carriers in nano-scale systems such as quantum dots requires a deep understanding of the underlying material physics, even on the nuclear level. Voltage control of electron-nuclear hyperfine spin interactions was demonstrated using a charge-tuneable device. Modelling suggests that the mechanism is controlled mainly via the electron hyperfine correlation time and the nuclear depolarisation time.

<div>Field-orthogonal temporal mode analysis of optical fields was recently developed to form a new framework of quantum information science. But so far, the exact profiles of the temporal modes are not known, which makes it difficult to achieve mode selection and de-multiplexing. A novel feedback-iteration method which, combined with the stimulated emission method, can give rise to the exact forms of the temporal mode structure of pulse-pumped spontaneous parametric processes both for high gain parametric process, which gives rise to quantum entanglement in continuous variables, and for the low gain case, which produces a two-photon entangled state for discrete variables.</div><div><br></div><div>For the temporal mode analysis in high gain situations, the common treatment of parametric interaction Hamiltonian does not consider the issue of time ordering problem of interaction Hamiltonian and thus leads to the inaccurate conclusion that the mode structure and the temporal mode functions do not change as the gain increases. We use an approach that is usually employed for treating nonlinear interferometers and avoids the time ordering issue. This allows us to derive an evolution equation in differential-integral form. Numerical solutions for high gain situations indicate a gain-dependent mode structure that has its mode distributions changed and mode functions broadened as the gain increases. This will enable us to have a complete picture of the mode structure of parametric processes and produce high quality quantum sources for a variety of applications of quantum technology.</div><div><br></div><div>To verify the feedback-iteration method which measures temporal mode structure directly, we measure the joint spectral density of photon pairs produced with the spontaneous parametric down-conversion process of a pulse-pumped PPKTP crystal. The measurement method is based on a stimulated emission process which significantly improves the measurement time and accuracy compared with old spectrally resolved photon coincidence measurement. With the measured joint spectral density, the amplitude of the temporal modes can be obtained with the mathematical tool of singular value decomposition and compared with those measured directly with the feedback-iteration method.</div><div><br></div><div>Because the parametric amplifier is in essence a linear four-port device, it couples and linearly mixes two inputs before amplifying and sending them to two output ports. We show that for quadrature phase amplitudes, a parametric amplifier can replace beam splitters to play the role of mixer. We apply this idea to a continuous-variable quantum state teleportation scheme in which a parametric amplifier replaces a beam splitter in the Bell measurement. We show that this scheme is loss-tolerant in the Bell measurement process and thus demonstrate the advantage of parametric amplifiers over beam splitter in the applications in quantum measurement.</div>