Let k be a field of characteristic zero and q ∈ kx not a root of unity. We may obtain non-commutative counterparts of various commutative algebras by twisting the multiplication using the scalar q: one example of this is the quantum plane kq[x; y], which can be viewed informally as the set of polynomials in two variables subject to the relation xy = qyx. We may also consider the full localization of kq[x; y], which we denote by kq(x; y) or D and view as the non-commutative analogue of k(x; y), and also the quantization Oq(Mn) of the coordinate ring of n x n matrices over k. Our aim in this thesis will be to use the language of deformation-quantization to understand the quantized algebras by looking at certain properties of the commutative ones, and conversely to obtain results about the commutative algebras (upon which a Poisson structure is induced) using existing results for the non-commutative ones. The q-division ring kq(x; y) is of particular interest to us, being one of the easiest infinite-dimensional division rings to define over k. Very little is known about such rings: in particular, it is not known whether its fixed ring under a finite group of automorphisms should always be isomorphic to another q-division ring (possibly for a different value of q) nor whether the left and right indexes of a subring E ? D should always coincide. We define an action of SL2(Z) by k-algebra automorphisms on D and show that the fixed ring of D under any finite group of such automorphisms is isomorphic to D. We also show that D is a deformation of the commutative field k(x; y) with respect to the Poisson bracket fy; xg = yx and that for any finite subgroup G of SL2(Z) the xed ring DG is in turn a deformation of k(x; y)G. Finally, we describe the Poisson structure of the fixed rings k(x; y)G, thus answering the Poisson-Noether question in this case. A number of interesting results can be obtained as a consequence of this: in particular, we are able to answer several open questions posed by Artamonov and Cohn concerning the structure of the automorphism group Aut(D). They ask whether it is possible to define a conjugation automorphism by an element z 2 LnD, where L is a certain overring of D, and whether D admits any endomorphisms which are not bijective. We answer both questions in the affirmative, and show that up to a change of variables these endomorphisms can be represented as non-bijective conjugation maps. We also consider Poisson-prime and Poisson-primitive ideals of the coordinate rings O(GL3) and O(SL3), where the Poisson bracket is induced from the non-commutative multiplication on Oq(GL3) and Oq(SL3) via deformation theory. This relates to one case of a conjecture made by Goodearl, who predicted that there should be a homeomorphism between the primitive (resp. prime) ideals of certain quantum algebras and the Poisson-primitive (resp. Poisson-prime) ideals of their semi-classical limits. We prove that there is a natural bijection from the Poisson-primitive ideals of these rings to the primitive ideals of Oq(GL3) and Oq(SL3), thus laying the groundwork for verifying this conjecture in these cases.

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Cette thèse est divisée en quatre parties qui portent sur les centralisateurs des algèbres quantiques \(U_q(\mathfrak{sl}_N)\), les polynômes biorthogonaux avec propriétés bispectrales, les polynômes bivariés de Griffiths, et les schémas d'association avec structures polynomiales bivariées. Le fil conducteur principal entre ces parties est l'algèbre d'Askey–Wilson. Dans la première partie, l'idée principale est de combiner l'algèbre du groupe des tresses avec l'algèbre d'Askey–Wilson dans des situations qui impliquent les centralisateurs de \(U_q(\mathfrak{sl}_2)\). Ainsi, on obtient des représentations du groupe des tresses en termes de polynômes orthogonaux de \(q\)-Racah par le biais de matrices \(R\) de \(U_q(\mathfrak{sl}_2)\), on obtient une interprétation de l'algèbre d'Askey–Wilson dans le cadre de la théorie topologique des champs de Chern–Simons avec groupe de jauge \(SU(2)\) ainsi que dans le cadre des invariants d'entrelacs associés à \(U_q(\mathfrak{su}_2)\), et on offre une description algébrique complète du centralisateur de \(U_q(\mathfrak{sl}_2)\) dans un produit tensoriel de trois représentations irréductibles identiques de spin quelconque. Dans une optique différente, on offre aussi une présentation algébrique de certaines algèbres de Hecke fusionnées qui décrivent des centralisateurs de \(U_q(\mathfrak{sl}_N)\). Dans la deuxième partie, on étudie deux familles de polynômes biorthogonaux par des méthodes algébriques, offrant une extension du tableau qui existe pour les polynômes orthogonaux classiques de type Askey–Wilson. Les deux familles considérées sont les polynômes \(R_I\) de type Hahn et les polynômes de Pastro. Dans les deux cas, l'idée est d'introduire un triplet d'opérateurs ayant une action tridiagonale et d'obtenir les polynômes comme solutions à deux problèmes aux valeurs propres généralisés provenant de ce triplet. On trouve les propriétés de bispectralité et de biorthogonalité des polynômes en se servant des opérateurs du triplet, et on détermine l'algèbre réalisée par les opérateurs. Dans la troisième partie, on caractérise deux familles de polynômes bivariés de Griffiths. La première famille est une généralisation des polynômes de Griffiths de type Krawtchouk qui dépend d'un paramètre \(\lambda\). On trouve leurs relations de bispectralité et leur biorthogonalité en utilisant les propriétés des polynômes de Krawtchouk à une variable. Les relations de contiguïté des polynômes univariés jouent un rôle essentiel dans les calculs. On utilise des méthodes semblables pour caractériser la deuxième famille, qui est formée de polynômes de Griffiths de type Racah. Ceux-ci sont orthogonaux. Dans la quatrième partie, on propose une généralisation bivariée des propriétés \(P\)- et \(Q\)-polynomiales pour les schémas d'association et de concepts reliés. Plusieurs exemples de schémas vérifiant la propriété \(P\)-polynomiale bivariée sont obtenus. On montre que les schémas de Johnson non-binaires ainsi que leurs analogues \(q\)-déformés, les schémas définis à partir d'espaces atténués, sont \(P\)- et \(Q\)-polynomiaux bivariés en étudiant les propriétés bispectrales des polynômes bivariés associés. Les structures algébriques reliées à ces schémas sont explorées. On propose aussi une généralisation multivariée des graphes distance-réguliers, et on montre que ceux-ci sont en correspondance avec des schémas \(P\)-polynomiaux multivariés. Finalement, on étudie une sous-classe de paires de Leonard de rang 2 qui font intervenir des polynômes bivariés factorisés. / This thesis is divided in four parts concerning centralizers of quantum algebras \(U_q(\mathfrak{sl}_N)\), biorthogonal polynomials with bispectral properties, bivariate Griffiths polynomials, and association schemes with bivariate polynomial structures. The main topic relating all these parts is the Askey–Wilson algebra. In the first part, the main idea is to combine the braid group algebra with the Askey–Wilson algebra in situations involving the centralizers of the quantum algebra \(U_q(\mathfrak{sl}_2)\). Hence, we obtain representations of the braid group in terms of \(q\)-Racah orthogonal polynomials using \(R\)-matrices of \(U_q(\mathfrak{sl}_2)\), we obtain an interpretation of the Askey–Wilson algebra in the framework of Chern–Simons topological quantum field theory with gauge field \(SU(2)\) as well as in the framework of link invariants associated to \(U_q(\mathfrak{su}_2)\), and we provide a complete algebraic description of the centralizer of \(U_q(\mathfrak{sl}_2)\) in the tensor product of three identical irreducible representations of any spin. In a different perspective, we also provide an algebraic presentation of some fused Hecke algebras, which describe some centralizers of \(U_q(\mathfrak{sl}_N)\). In the second part, we study two families of biorthogonal polynomials using algebraic methods, hence extending the picture that exists for the classical orthogonal polynomials of the Askey–Wilson type. The two families that we consider are the \(R_I\) polynomials of Hahn type and the Pastro polynomials. In both cases, the idea is to introduce a triplet of operators with tridiagonal actions and obtain the polynomials as solutions of two generalized eigenvalue problems involving this triplet. We find the bispectrality and biorthogonality properties of the polynomials using the operators of the triplet, and we determine the algebra realized by the operators. In the third part, we characterize two families of bivariate Griffiths polynomials. The first family is a generalization of the Griffiths polynomials of Krawtchouk type which depends on a parameter \(\lambda\). We find their bispectrality relations and their biorthogonality by using the properties of univariate Krawtchouk polynomials. The contiguity relations of the univariate polynomials play a key role in the computations. We use similar methods to characterize the second family, which is formed by Griffiths polynomials of Racah type. These are orthogonal. In the fourth part, we propose a bivariate generalization of the \(P\)- and \(Q\)-polynomial properties of association schemes and related concepts. Several examples of schemes satisfying the bivariate \(P\)-polynomial property are obtained. We show that the non-binary Johnson schemes and their \(q\)-deformed analogs, the schemes based on attenuated spaces, are bivariate \(P\)- and \(Q\)-polynomial by studying the bispectral properties of the associated bivariate polynomials. The algebraic structures related to these schemes are explored. We also propose a multivariate generalization of distance-regular graphs, and we show that these are in correspondence with multivariate \(P\)-polynomial schemes. Finally, we study a subclass of rank 2 Leonard pairs involving factorized bivariate polynomials.