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Thesis (Ph.D.) -- McMaster University, 2000. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 138-147). Also available via World Wide Web.

Thesis (Ph.D.) -- McMaster University, 2000. / [Lámbdha] and [micron] in title are Greek letters. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 110-114). Also available via World Wide Web.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Western Australia, 2003.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Rutgers University, 2007. / "Graduate Program in Ceramic and Materials Science and Engineering." Includes bibliographical references.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・論文博士 / 博士(工学) / 乙第12984号 / 論工博第4131号 / 新制||工||1637(附属図書館) / 32454 / 京都大学大学院工学研究科電子物性工学専攻 / (主査)教授 北野 正雄, 教授 竹内 繁樹, 准教授 久門 尚史 / 学位規則第4条第2項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DFAM

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When nature is observed at the nanoscale, quantum physics is typically the most accurate model to describe and predict its behavior. Furthermore, quantum effects are increasingly at the core of the operation of new advanced electronic and photonic devices, which, in some cases, are designed on the basis of controlling quantum systems. This thesis focuses on two such systems, united by the methods used to realize them. These methods represent the cutting-edge of nanofabrication, which is the structuring of matter at ultra-small dimensions with a degree of precision and control that has not been previously attained. Pushing these methods to their limits enables the emergence of unique phenomena in the quantum systems explored here. The first system involves the realization of artificial graphene in an AlGaAs/GaAs quantum heterostructure. The appearance of massless charge carriers in graphene, which are described by the relativistic Dirac equation, originates from the linear energy-momentum dispersion of the electronic states in proximity to the K and K’ points of the hexagonal Brillouin zone. This unique quantum behavior is a direct result of the honeycomb symmetry of the graphene lattice. The prospect of reproducing this physics in an adjustable, artificial honeycomb lattice, known as artificial graphene, offers a platform for the exploration of novel quantum regimes of massless Dirac fermions beyond the limits imposed by the inability to manipulate the lattice of the natural material. The electronic properties of a two-dimensional electron gas whose density is modulated by a periodic potential with honeycomb symmetry have been predicted to generate massless Dirac-fermions with tunable Fermi velocity. This thesis reports the observation of a graphene-like band structure in a modulation-doped AlGaAs/GaAs quantum well engineered with a honeycomb lateral surface superlattice. This was accomplished by reactive ion etching of the surface to within a few tens of nanometers from the quantum well. A metal hard-mask, patterned by electron beam lithography combined with metal deposition and lift-off, was used to form a honeycomb artificial lattice with a variable lattice period, down to 40 nm. This is a three-fold reduction with respect to the smallest reported to date in pertinent literature. The BCl3-based shallow etching produces cylindrical pillars below which the two-dimensional electron gas is expected to form quantum dots, where the electron density is higher than in the surrounding etched regions. Low-temperature resonant inelastic light scattering measurements reveal new electronic transitions. An accurate interpretation of these can be found in the joint density of states derived from the calculated graphene-like linearly-dispersed energy bands, induced by the honeycomb potential modulation. The second system comprises the nanoscale engineering of individual electron spin qubits in diamond. Spin systems in solid-state have been intensively investigated as an outstanding pathway towards quantum information processing. One of the advantages of solid-state spintronics is the possibility of applying nanofabrication techniques commonly used by the semiconductor industry to produce and integrate spin qubits. The negatively charged nitrogen-vacancy (NV-) center in diamond stands out because of its optically addressable spin, which shows long coherence time and viable spin initiation, manipulation and read-out. A central challenge has been the positioning of NV- centers with nanometer scale control, that would allow for efficient and consistent dipolar coupling and the integration within an optoelectronic device. I demonstrate a method for chip-scale fabrication of arrays of closely-spaced NV- centers with record spatial localization of approximately 10 nm in all three dimensions and controllable inter-NV spacing as small as 40 nm. This is the highest spatial resolution realized to date in positioning NV- centers at the nanoscale with high throughput, and approaches the length scale of strong dipolar coupling. This method used masked implantation of nitrogen in an ultra-pure CVD-grown diamond substrate through nano-apertures in a thin gold film, patterned via electron-beam lithography and dry etching. The high-density and high-atomic weight of gold results in a mask which is significantly thinner than polymer films used in other works, whilst still successfully impeding ion penetration, with a mask contrast of more than 40 dB. This process allows for the creation of apertures with lower aspect ratio which are therefore easier to pattern in close proximity to one another, i.e., within the dipolar coupling range. The position and spin coherence properties of the resulting near-surface NVs were measured through wide-field super-resolution optically detected magnetic resonance imaging, Hahn echo and CPMG pulsed microwave spectroscopy. The patterning methodology demonstrated here is optimally suited to functional integration with plasmonic nanostructures, which can enhance our ability to control single-photon emission with the prospect of creating near-surface nanoscale sensors of electric or magnetic fields and quantum optoelectronic devices.

L’électronique de spin tient une place primordiale dans les technologies de l’information. Un exemple flagrant est le disque dur magnétique à haute densité de stockage intégré aujourd’hui dans la plupart des ordinateurs personnels. D’un point de vue fondamental, les opérations de base comme l’injection, la propagation et la détection de l’information de spin restent néanmoins complexes à réaliser. Des plateformes adaptées à la réalisation de ces tâches élémentaires sont très recherchées. Dans ce contexte, les nanomatériaux carbonés sont très prometteurs. Au cours de ma thèse, je me suis intéressé au transport de spin dans des nanotubes de carbone multi-parois présentant des effets de super-réseaux (Moiré 1D). J’ai également étudié la croissance de barrières moléculaires conformationnelles afin d’optimiser l’injection et la détection de l’information de spin. Je présenterai tout d’abord les caractérisations électriques des dispositifs mettant en évidence des effets de Moirés, identifiés grâce aux simulations effectuées par l’équipe de Jean-Christophe Charlier. Je montrerai ensuite comment la croissance de la couche moléculaire influence le transport en formant une barrière d’injection. Finalement, je présenterai les expériences de magnéto-transport dans ces dispositifs hybrides. La magnétorésistance observée semble indiquer un transport de spin efficace sur des distances au moins de l’ordre du micromètre. Je discuterai particulièrement de l’amplitude, du signe et de la dépendance en tension de la magnétorésistance dans le cadre de modèles standards de transport de spin / Spin electronics holds a key role in information technology. A glaring example is the high-density magnetic hard disk storage built into most personal computers. From a fundamental point of view, basic operations such as injection, propagation and detection of spin information remain nevertheless complex. Platforms adapted to the realization of these basic tasks are highly sought after. In this context, carbon nanomaterials are very promising. During my thesis, I was interested in the transport of spin in multi-wall carbon nanotubes presenting super-lattice effects (Moiré 1D). I have also studied the growth of conformational molecular barriers in order to optimize injection and detection of spin information. I will present first the electrical characterizations of the devices highlighting the effects of Moirés, identified thanks to the simulations carried out by the team of Jean-Christophe Charlier. I will then show how the growth of the molecular layer influences transport by forming an injection barrier. Finally, I will present the experiments of magneto-transport in these hybrid devices. The observed magnetoresistance seems to indicate efficient spin transport over distances of at least a micrometer. I will discuss in particular the amplitude, the sign and the voltage dependence of the magnetoresistance in the framework of standard models of spin transport

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