The aim of this work is present the phenomenon denoted entanglement harvesting. We begin by introducing entanglement historically. Following, we go beyond the one particle theory in flat spacetime and introduce Quantum Field Theory in Curved Spacetime, showing two famous consequences: the Unruh effect and the Hawking radiation. Finally, we analyze entanglement harvesting for two Unruh-deWitt detectors. In the fisrt example, we see that there is a \"sudden death\" point of entanglement harvesting when the detectors are near the BTZ black hole event horizon, due to redshift effect and Hawking radiation. Then, we compare the phenomenon for different scenarios, and find out that it is sensitive to the structure of spacetime. Finally, we see how detectors\' parameters affect it and find out that the smoothness of the switching of the detectors\' coupling to the field is extremely relevant. We also see how the parameters can be used to optimize entanglement harvested. / O objetivo desse trabalho é apresentar o fenômeno denotado colheita de emaranhamento. Primeiramente fazemos uma introdução histórica de emaranhamento de estados quânticos. Em seguida, introduzimos a Teoria Quântica de Campos no Espaço-tempo Curvo, como um passo além da teoria quântica de uma partícula no espaço-tempo plano, e demonstramos dois resultados famosos da teoria: o efeito Unruh e a radiação Hawking. Por fim, fazemos uma analise do fenômeno de colheita de emaranhamento para dois detectores Unruh-deWitt. Nosso primeiro exemplo mostra que há um ponto de \"morte súbita\" do fenômeno quando os detectores se aproximam do horizonte de eventos de um buraco negro de BTZ, que é uma consequência do efeito de redshift e da radiação Hawking. Em seguida, comparamos o fenômeno em cenários diferentes, e observamos que a colheita de emaranhamento é sensível à estrutura do espaço-tempo. Por último, analisamos como os parâmetros dos detectores afetam a colheita de emaranhamento, e vemos que a suavidade em que o acoplamento dos detectores com o campo é \"ligado\" e \"desligado\" é extremamente relevante. Também analisamos como podemos usar os parâmetros dos detectores para otimizar a quantidade de emaranhamento colhida.

The aim of this work is present the phenomenon denoted entanglement harvesting. We begin by introducing entanglement historically. Following, we go beyond the one particle theory in flat spacetime and introduce Quantum Field Theory in Curved Spacetime, showing two famous consequences: the Unruh effect and the Hawking radiation. Finally, we analyze entanglement harvesting for two Unruh-deWitt detectors. In the fisrt example, we see that there is a \"sudden death\" point of entanglement harvesting when the detectors are near the BTZ black hole event horizon, due to redshift effect and Hawking radiation. Then, we compare the phenomenon for different scenarios, and find out that it is sensitive to the structure of spacetime. Finally, we see how detectors\' parameters affect it and find out that the smoothness of the switching of the detectors\' coupling to the field is extremely relevant. We also see how the parameters can be used to optimize entanglement harvested. / O objetivo desse trabalho é apresentar o fenômeno denotado colheita de emaranhamento. Primeiramente fazemos uma introdução histórica de emaranhamento de estados quânticos. Em seguida, introduzimos a Teoria Quântica de Campos no Espaço-tempo Curvo, como um passo além da teoria quântica de uma partícula no espaço-tempo plano, e demonstramos dois resultados famosos da teoria: o efeito Unruh e a radiação Hawking. Por fim, fazemos uma analise do fenômeno de colheita de emaranhamento para dois detectores Unruh-deWitt. Nosso primeiro exemplo mostra que há um ponto de \"morte súbita\" do fenômeno quando os detectores se aproximam do horizonte de eventos de um buraco negro de BTZ, que é uma consequência do efeito de redshift e da radiação Hawking. Em seguida, comparamos o fenômeno em cenários diferentes, e observamos que a colheita de emaranhamento é sensível à estrutura do espaço-tempo. Por último, analisamos como os parâmetros dos detectores afetam a colheita de emaranhamento, e vemos que a suavidade em que o acoplamento dos detectores com o campo é \"ligado\" e \"desligado\" é extremamente relevante. Também analisamos como podemos usar os parâmetros dos detectores para otimizar a quantidade de emaranhamento colhida.

Depuis 1916, l'étude des Trous Noirs a soulevé des questions intrigantes. Seulement certaines ont été résolues. En effet, nous faisons face à des régimes où s’entremêlent la théorie quantique et l'espace-temps. Les TN comme porte d'entrée pour comprendre la nature quantique de la gravité. Ma thèse a été entièrement dédiée à ce domaine central de la physique théorique, avec pour but la compréhension la plus large possible des débats autour de ces questions. C'est ainsi qu'ont été produits des résultats originaux qui constituent le cœur de ce manuscrit. 1-Les surfaces de volume maximal des TN sont étudiées. Un TN astrophysique terminera sa vie avec une aire planckienne de $10^{-70} m^2$ dissimulant $10^5$ fois le volume de l'univers observable. Ceci peut avoir des conséquences sur la viabilité du "remnant scenario" comme solution au paradoxe de l'information. 2-Le scénario "trou-noir-trou-blanc" est fortement instable. Une modification minimale est proposée pour résoudre ce problème. 3-Une généralisation des quatre lois de la thermodynamique des TN est démontrée pour des cônes de lumière s'intersectant dans un espace de Minkowski. 4-On étudie des espaces conformellement plats où de telles lois acquièrent une interprétation thermodynamique standard. Le plus simple est l'espace-temps de Bertotti-Robinson, connu pour encoder la géométrie proche de l'horizon d'un TN chargé. 5-Pour peu que le bon tenseur énergie-impulsion soit identifié, les équations du champ Einstein-Cartan peuvent être retrouvées comme l'équation d'état d'un équilibre thermodynamique, comme dans le cas original de la RG. Ces résultats contribuent au débat intense sur les questions cruciales posées ci-dessus. / Since 1916 intriguing questions have arisen from the study of Black Holes (BH). Only some of them have been resolved. Indeed, we are faced with regimes where the yet unknown interplay between quantum theory and spacetime unveils. BH physics is a gateway to the quantum nature of gravity. My thesis has been completely devoted to this central domain of theoretical physics, with the guiding aim of understanding in the widest possible manner the debate around those questions. The process has produced original results that constitute the main core of the manuscript. 1- The maximal volume surfaces of evaporating BHs are studied. An astrophysical BH will end its life with an external planckian area $10^{-70} m^2$ hiding $10^5$ times the volume of our observable Universe. This can have consequences on the viability of the “remnant scenario” as solution to the BH information paradox. 2- The “black-hole-to-white-hole scenario” is analyzed. The model is shown to be strongly unstable, and a minimal resolutive modification is proposed. 3- A generalisation of the four laws of BH thermodynamics is proven for intersecting light cones in Minkowski spacetime. 4- Conformally flat spaces where such laws acquire the standard thermodynamical interpretation are studied. The simplest one is the Bertotti-Robinson spacetime, known to encode the near-horizon geometry of a charged BH. 5- It is shown that, if the correct energy-momentum tensor is identified, the Eintein-Cartan’s field equations can be recovered as a thermodynamical equilibrium equation of state just like in the GR original case. Such results contribute to the intense debate on the opening crucial questions.

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This thesis considers the problem of calculating and observing the mixing of modes of positive and negative frequency in inhomogeneous, dispersive media. Scattering of vacuum modes of the electromagnetic field at a moving interface in the refractive index of a dielectric medium is discussed. Kinematics arguments are used to demonstrate that this interface may, in a regime of linear dispersion, act as the analogue of the event horizon of a black hole to modes of the field. Furthermore, a study of the dispersion of the dielectric shows that five distinct configurations of modes of the inhomogeneous medium at the interface exist as a function of frequency. Thus it is shown that the interface is simultaneously a black- and white-hole horizon-like and horizonless emitter. The role, and importance, of negative-frequency modes of the field in mode conversion at the horizon is established and yields a calculation of the spontaneous photonic flux at the interface. An algorithm to calculate the scattering of vacuum modes at the interface is introduced. Spectra of the photonic flux in the moving and laboratory frame, for all modes and all realisable increase in the refractive index at the interface are computed. As a result of the various mode configurations, the spectra are highly structured in intervals with black-hole, white-hole and no horizon. The spectra are dominated by a negative-frequency mode, which is the partner in any Hawking-type emission. An experiment in which an incoming positive-frequency wave is populated with photons is assembled to observe the transfer of energy to outgoing waves of positive and negative frequency at the horizon. The effect of mode conversion at the interface is clearly shown to be a feature of horizon physics. This is a classical version of the quantum experiment that aims at validating the mechanism of Hawking radiation.