Magnetic ordering of dopants in diamond holds the prospect of exploiting diamond’s unique properties in the emerging field of spintronics. Several transition metal defects have been reported to order ferromagnetically in various semiconductors, however, low Curie temperatures and lack of other fundamental material properties have hindered practical implementation in room temperature spintronic applications. In this Thesis, we consider the energetic stability of 3d transition metal doped-diamond and its magnetic ordering properties at various lattice sites and charge states using ab initio Density Functional Theory methods. We find the majority of 3d transition metal impurities in diamond at any charge state to be energetically most stable at the divacancy site compared to substitutional or interstitial lattice sites, with the interstitial site being highly unstable (by ~8 - 10 eV compared to the divacancy site). At each lattice site and charge state, we find the formation energies of transition metals in the middle of the 3d series (Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni) to be considerably lower compared to those early or late in the series. The energetic stability of transition metal impurities across the 3d series is shown to be strongly dependent on the position of the Fermi level in the diamond band gap, with the formation energies at any lattice site being lower in p-type or ntype diamond compared to intrinsic diamond. Further, we show that incorporation of isolated transition metal impurities into diamond introduces spin polarised impurity bands into the diamond band gap, while maintaining its semiconducting nature, with band gaps in both the spin-up and spin-down channels. These impurity bands are shown to originate mainly from s, p-d hybridization between carbon sp 3 orbitals with the 3d orbitals of the transition metal. In addition, the 4p orbitals contribute significantly to hybridization for transition metal atoms at the substitutional site, but not at the divacancy site. In both cases, the spin polarisation and magnetic stabilization energies are critically dependent on the lattice site and charge state of the transition metal impurity. By allowing magnetic interactions between transition metal atoms, we find that ferromagnetic ordering is likely to be achieved in divacancy Cr+2, Mn+2, Mn+1 and Co0 as well as in substitutional Fe+2 and Fe+1, indicating that transition metal-doped diamond is likely to form a diluted magnetic semiconductor which may successfully be considered for room temperature spintronic applications. In addition, these charge states correspond to p-type diamond, except for divacancy Co0, suggesting that co-doping with shallow acceptors such as B ( will result in an increase of charge concentration, which is likely to enhance mediation of ferromagnetic spin coupling. The highest magnetic stabilization energy occurs in substitutional Fe+1 (33.3 meV), which, also exhibits half metallic ferromagnetic ordering at the Fermi level, with an induced magnetic moment of 1.0 μB per ion, thus suggesting that 100 % spin polarisation may be achieved in Fe-doped diamond. / Physics / D. Litt. et Phil. (Physics)

Magnetic ordering of dopants in diamond holds the prospect of exploiting diamond’s unique properties in the emerging field of spintronics. Several transition metal defects have been reported to order ferromagnetically in various semiconductors, however, low Curie temperatures and lack of other fundamental material properties have hindered practical implementation in room temperature spintronic applications. In this Thesis, we consider the energetic stability of 3d transition metal doped-diamond and its magnetic ordering properties at various lattice sites and charge states using ab initio Density Functional Theory methods. We find the majority of 3d transition metal impurities in diamond at any charge state to be energetically most stable at the divacancy site compared to substitutional or interstitial lattice sites, with the interstitial site being highly unstable (by ~8 - 10 eV compared to the divacancy site). At each lattice site and charge state, we find the formation energies of transition metals in the middle of the 3d series (Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni) to be considerably lower compared to those early or late in the series. The energetic stability of transition metal impurities across the 3d series is shown to be strongly dependent on the position of the Fermi level in the diamond band gap, with the formation energies at any lattice site being lower in p-type or ntype diamond compared to intrinsic diamond. Further, we show that incorporation of isolated transition metal impurities into diamond introduces spin polarised impurity bands into the diamond band gap, while maintaining its semiconducting nature, with band gaps in both the spin-up and spin-down channels. These impurity bands are shown to originate mainly from s, p-d hybridization between carbon sp 3 orbitals with the 3d orbitals of the transition metal. In addition, the 4p orbitals contribute significantly to hybridization for transition metal atoms at the substitutional site, but not at the divacancy site. In both cases, the spin polarisation and magnetic stabilization energies are critically dependent on the lattice site and charge state of the transition metal impurity. By allowing magnetic interactions between transition metal atoms, we find that ferromagnetic ordering is likely to be achieved in divacancy Cr+2, Mn+2, Mn+1 and Co0 as well as in substitutional Fe+2 and Fe+1, indicating that transition metal-doped diamond is likely to form a diluted magnetic semiconductor which may successfully be considered for room temperature spintronic applications. In addition, these charge states correspond to p-type diamond, except for divacancy Co0, suggesting that co-doping with shallow acceptors such as B ( will result in an increase of charge concentration, which is likely to enhance mediation of ferromagnetic spin coupling. The highest magnetic stabilization energy occurs in substitutional Fe+1 (33.3 meV), which, also exhibits half metallic ferromagnetic ordering at the Fermi level, with an induced magnetic moment of 1.0 μB per ion, thus suggesting that 100 % spin polarisation may be achieved in Fe-doped diamond. / Physics / D. Litt. et Phil. (Physics)

Increasing energy demand draws attention to new materials for improving current energy storage technologies. Particular interest is directed at solid state batteries and glass Na3ClO electrolyte is a promising candidate. In this report we explore some of the properties of this new glass and its capabilities as a potential electrolyte for a solid-state battery. The two aims of the study were to model the amorphous structure of the glass using the stochastic quenching method based on density functional theory as well as assessing the electrochemical stability of it against a metallic sodium electrode. Using VASP, a computational code based on density functional theory, we performed calculations of two 150 atom supercells, where the atoms were moved around until the systems were relaxed to obtain two glass models and the resulting structures were analyzed and characterized. The characterization of the structures was made by means of partial radial distribution functions, angle distribution functions, coordination numbers and bond lengths, which showed that the two models are statistically equivalent and either one can be used for the stability assessment of the glass. The electrochemical stability was assessed by inserting an extra sodium atom in possible holes in the glass model and calculating the energetics of Na insertion in each of these holes. This was made for 30 different hole positions. The reduction potential indicates the stability of each hole and the results was plotted as an energy distribution. Two peaks in the energy distribution, located at positive and negative energies, indicating stable and unstable holes, respectively. This indicates that the amorphous structure of the glass allows Na ions to travel (unstable holes). The stable peak has a greater probability density, which indicates a stable electrolyte against sodium metal electrode, though a larger sampling of holes is required for better statistics. / Ökande krav på energiefterfrågan uppmärksammar nya material för att förbättra nuvarande energilagringsteknik, med fokus på solida batterier och glaset Na3ClO som en lovande kandidat för elektrolyt. I denna rapport undersöks några av egenskaperna för glaset samt möjligheten för denna att fungera som elektrolyt i ett solid-state batteri. Målen med projektet var att modellera den amorfa strukturen av glaset genom att använda stochastic quenching method som baseras på density functional theory samt undersöka den elektrokemiska stabiliteten mot en metallisk natrium elektrod. Genom användning av VASP, beräkningskoder baserade på density functional theroy, beräknades två superceller med 150 atomer vardera där atomerna flyttas runt tills dess att systemet var relaxerat och två modeller av glaset erhölls. Dessa var sedan visualiserades och karakteriserade. Karakterisering av strukturerna gjordes genom en partiella radiella fördelningsfunktioner, vinkel distrubitionsfunktioner, koordinationsnummer och bindningslängder. Detta visade på statistisk ekvivalens, vilket innebär att båda modellerna kan användas för vidare stabilitetsundersökning. Den elektrokemiska stabiliteten undersöktes genom att sätta in en extra natrium atom i möjliga hål i glas modellen samt beräkna dess energier av Na insättning i respektive hål. Detta gjordes för 30 olika positioner för hålen. Reduktionspotentialen indikerar stabiliteten för respektive hål, och resultatet plottades som en energidistribution. Två toppar i energidistributionen, lokaliserade vid positiva och negativa energier, indikerar stabila respeltive instabila hål. Detta indikerar på att den amorfa strukturen för glaset tillåter Na joner att färdas (instabila hål). Den stabila toppen har en större sannolikhetstäthet vilket indikerar på en stabil elektrolyt mot en metallisk natrium elektrod, men en större samling hål krävs för en bättre statistisk säkerhet.