The Optical Parametric Oscillator (OPO) has been one of the most versatile source of non-classical states of light. Usual configurations of such devices are a macroscopic second order nonlinear crystals inside an optical cavity. Recently the use of silicon photonics techniques allowed the implementation of high quality factor microcavities and OPOs which include several technological advantages over usual configuration as a small size, bigger bandwidth, CMOS compatibility, facility to engineer the dispersion properties and compatibility with commercial optical fiber communications. Nevertheless the nonlinearity present within these systems is a third order nonlinearity for which theoretical calculations lack in the literature. Here we describe theoretically the quantum properties of the light generated in an OPO with a third order nonlinearity. We showed that the effects of phase modulation (which are not present in the second order nonlinearity) and dispersion are determinant in the way that oscillation and entanglement is produced in the system. Despite of these effects, bipartite and tripartite entanglement is predicted with the use of the Schmidt modes formalism. We also describe the system when there are more modes exited within the cavity and a frequency comb is formed. In such a situation, using again the Schmidt modes formalism, multipartite entanglement was predicted as well. / O oscilador paramétrico ótico (OPO) tem sido uma fonte muito versátil de estados não clássicos da luz. A configuração usual destes OPOs consiste em um cristal macroscópico com não linearidade de segunda ordem no interior de uma cavidade ótica. Recentemente, devido ao desenvolvimento da fotonica de silício, foi possível a implementação de micro- cavidades óticas e OPOs que possuem varias vantagens sobre OPOs usuais. Não entanto a não linearidade destes sistemas é de terceira ordem. Neste trabalho, descrevemos teoricamente as propriedades quânticas da luz gerada num OPO com não linearidade de terceira ordem. Mostra-se que os efeitos de modulação de fase (não presentes na não linearidade de segunda ordem) e a dispersão são determinantes para a geração e o emaranhamento produzido no sistema. Emaranhamento bi e tri partito foi predito teoricamente usando o formalismo de modos de Schmidt. Também foi feita uma descrição quando mais modos da cavidade são excitados gerando um pente de frequência. Nesta situação. e utilizando novamente o formalismo de modos de Schmidt, foi predito emaranhamento multimodo destes sistemas.

Orientador: Jose Antonio Roversi / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Fisica Gleb Wataghin / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-23T20:03:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Yabu-uti_BrunoFerreiradeCamargo_D.pdf: 3039693 bytes, checksum: f0b083dd372cff54e492778d15824a5b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: Na presente tese estudamos o processamento de informação quântica no sistema de átomos e cavidades acopladas. Em particular, a comunicação quântica estabelecida entre átomos remotos e a implementação de portas lógicas no sistema de cavidades acopladas. Iniciamos apresentando o sistema de cavidades acopladas, o Hamiltoniano que governa sua evolução, algumas promissoras implementações experimentais e a transferência de um estado de campo arbitrário de um fóton ao longo da cadeia. Incluindo um sistema massivo, propomos um novo protocolo para uma transferência perfeita, determinística e flexível de estados quânticos entre átomos remotos interagindo sucessivamente com o sistema de cavidades acopladas (atuando como quantum bus). Mesmo levando em conta efeitos dissipativos e erros de procedimento obtivemos uma alta fidelidade máxima de transmissão. Por fim, apresentamos uma proposta alternativa para a implementação de um porta R(rotação)- controlada de dois qubits. A proposta está baseada em operações de um qubit e fase geométrica não-convencional em átomos de três níveis idênticos fortemente bombeados por um campo clássico ressonante em cavidades ópticas distantes conectadas por uma fibra óptica. Nossa proposta resulta em um tempo operacional constante e, com um acoplamento qubit-bus ajustável (atomoressonador), pode-se especificar uma rotação R particular no qubit alvo / Abstract: In this thesis we study the quantum information processing in the system of atom-coupled cavity. In particular, the quantum communication between remote atoms and the implementation of logic gates in the coupled cavities system. We begin by presenting the system of coupled cavities, the Hamiltonian that governs its evolution, some promising experimental implementations and the transfer of an arbitrary one photon field state along the array. Including a massive system, we propose a new protocol for a perfect, deterministic and flexible quantum state transfer between remote atoms interacting successively with the system of coupled cavities (which act as a quantum bus). Even taking into account dissipative effects and error procedure we obtained a maximum high-fidelity transmission. We also present an alternative proposal for the implementation of a controlled-R gate of two qubits. The proposal is based on single qubit operations and unconventional geometric phases on two identical three-level atoms, strongly driven by a resonant classical field, trapped in distant cavities connected by an optical fiber. Our scheme results in a constant gating time and, with an adjustable qubit-bus coupling (atom-resonator), one can specify a particular rotation R on the target qubit / Doutorado / Física / Doutor em Ciências

Orientador: Antonio Vidiella Barranco / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Física Gleb Wataghin / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-20T20:42:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Siqueira_MaiconZaniboni_M.pdf: 1258175 bytes, checksum: 2b8416f748d7b0825f2c173a2cf99c66 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: Neste projeto será investigada a influência de ruído no processo de interação da radiação (campo quantizado) com a matéria (sistema mecânico mesoscópico). Consideraremos o modo do campo confinado em uma cavidade de alto fator de qualidade com um espelho fixo e o outro espelho móvel, este tratado como um oscilador mecânico suscetível à pressão de radiação do campo da cavidade. Investigaremos a dinâmica do sistema na situação em que o modo do campo confinado estará submetido a um ruído causando perda de coerência de fase / Abstract: In this project we will investigate the influence of noise in the process of interaction of radiation (quantized field) with the matter (mesoscopic mechanical system). We will consider the mode field confined in a cavity of high quality factor with a fixed mirror and one moving mirror, this treated as a mechanical oscillator susceptible to radiation pressure from cavity field. We will investigate the system dynamics in the situation that the confined mode eld is submitted to noise causing loss of phase coeherence / Mestrado / Física / Mestre em Física

Les progrès des techniques de nanofabrication des dix dernières années ont permis la mise en place de protocoles visant à manipuler les charges uniques dans les nanostructures. Ces nouvelles techniques permettent d'envisager la réalisation d'expériences d'optique quantique avec des électrons. Cette thèse s'inscrit dans ce contexte. Le but de ce travail a été la construction d'un formalisme adapté à la description de telles expériences. Ce formalisme, construit en analogie avec la théorie de la cohérence quantique du champ électromagnétique de Glauber, souligne les similitudes et différences entre les photons se propageant dans le vide, et le transport électronique dans des conducteurs balistiques unidimensionnels. En particulier, il rend compte de la décohérence et de la relaxation en énergie des excitations électroniques en présence d'interactions. Un autre aspect de cette thèse a été la proposition de protocoles permettant de mesurer des quantités directement reliées aux propriétés de cohérence décrites par le formalisme de l'optique quantique électronique. En particulier, un protocole de tomographie quantique reposant sur l'effet Hanbury Brown et Twiss a été proposé pour reconstruire la cohérence à un corps d'une source monoélectronique. Ce protocole peut aussi être envisagé pour obtenir des informations sur les mécanismes de décohérence. / The last ten years saw tremendous progress in nanofabrication techniques. These progresses allowed the realization of experimental protocols aiming at the manipulation of single electrons in nanostructures. Thus, the advent of these technologies permit to envision the realization of electronic analogues of quantum optics experiments. This thesis is devoted to the theoretical study of quantum optics with electrons propagating in quantum Hall edge channels, in analogy with Glauber's theory for the quantum coherence of the electromagnetic field. The proposed formalism underlines the analogies and differences between photons propagating in the vacuum and electrons in ballistic conductors. In particular, it takes into account the decoherence and relaxation of electronic excitations under the influence of a linear electromagnetic environment. All along this thesis, efforts have been made to propose protocols aiming at accessing experimental quantities related to the coherence properties described by the electron quantum optics formalism. A particular example is a single electron quantum tomography protocol which reconstructs the single particle coherence from current noise measurements. This protocol can also be envisioned to probe decoherence mechanisms.

Self-assembled semiconductor quantum dots have attracted considerable interest recently, ranging from fundamental studies of quantum optics to advanced applications in the field of quantum information science. With their atom-like properties, quantum dot based nanophotonic devices may also substantially contribute to the development of quantum computers. This work presents experimental progress towards the understanding of light-matter interactions that occur beyond well-understood monochromatic resonant light scattering processes in semiconductor quantum dots. First, we report measurements of resonance fluorescence under bichromatic laser excitation. With the inclusion of a second laser, both first-order and second-order correlation functions are substantially altered. Under these conditions, the scattered light exhibits a rich spectrum containing many spectral features that lead to a range of nonlinear multiphoton dynamics. These observations are discussed and compared with a theoretical model. Second, we investigated the light scattered by a quantum dot in the presence of spectral filtering. By scanning the tunable filters placed in front of each detector of a Hanbury-Brown and Twiss setup and recording coincidence measurements, a \two-photon spectrum" has been experimentally reconstructed for the first time. The two-photon spectrum contains a wealth of information about the cascaded emission involved in the scattering process, such as transitions occurring via virtual intermediate states. Our measurements also reveal that the scattered frequency-filtered light from a quantum dot violates the Cauchy-Schwarz inequality. Finally, Franson-interferometry has been performed using spectrally filtered light from quantum dot resonance fluorescence. Visibilities exceeding the classical limit were demonstrated by using a pair of folded Mach-Zehnder interferometers, paving the way for producing single time-energy entangled photon pairs that could violate Bell's inequalities.

La présente thèse a pour objectif d'analyser la lumière structurée non-classique et ses caractéristiques. L'optique quantique et la lumière structurée sont deux sujets qui font l'objet d'examens nombreux. Ils sont néanmoins rarement examinés en combinaison. Les propriétés quantiques de la lumière structurée sont moins bien étudiées qu'ils devraient l'être. Par la lumière structurée nous entendons les champs lumineux qui montrent une structure transverse complexe de l'intensité, la phase ou la polarisation. Nous voulons lier les deux sujets de l'optique quantique et la lumière structurée dans la présente thèse. Dans ce but, nous générons expérimentalement des champs lumineux structurés non-classiques. En particulier, nous réalisons une expérience qui permet de générer des faisceaux vectoriels vectoriels - c'est-à-dire des faisceaux lumineux dont l'état de polarisation présente une structure transverse complexe - qui montrent une réduction du bruit quantique. En outre, nous étudions théoriquement les propriétés spatiales de faisceaux lumineux, ainsi que leur bruit. Plus spécifiquement, nous analysons l'incertitude quantique dans la largeur d'un faisceau lumineux. Pour prouver la faisabilité de la vérification expérimentales de nos résultats théoriques, nous réalisons des simulations pour la mesure de paramètres spatiales utilisant un détecteur mulitpixels. / This thesis aims at learning more about nonclassical structured light. Quantum optics and structured light are two topics that are subject to countless scientific examinations. However, they are very rarely combined and the quantum properties of structured light are not as thoroughly studied as they deserve. By structured light, we mean any light fields with complex transverse distributions of intensity, phase or polarization. We want to link the topics of quantum optics and structured light in this thesis. For this purpose, we experimentally generate particular nonclassical structured light fields. In particular, we construct an experimental setup that enables us, in principle, to produce arbitrary amplitude squeezed vector beams, i.e. light beams with a complex transverse structure of the state of polarization. Furthermore, we analyze spatial properties of light beams, and their quantum noise theoretically. We specifically perform theoretical examinations of the quantum noise in the width of a light beam. To show the feasibility of an experimental verification of our theoretical results, we conduct simulations for the measurement of spatial parameters of a beam's cross-section by a multipixel detector.

Dans le cadre de cette thèse, nous avons construit et caractérisé un soustracteur de photons uniques pour l'ingénierie d'états quantiques de la lumière. Le but étant de réaliser une soustraction de photon pure et spectralement sélective sur une ressource multimode dans le domaine spectral. Ce soustracteur repose sur une interaction paramétrique de somme de fréquence entre un faisceau signal et un faisceau de contrôle au sein d'un milieu non-linéaire. Le spectre du faisceau de contrôle est mis en forme à l'aide d'un procédé de mise en forme d'impulsion. Le photon convertit est filtré et détecté grâce à détecteur de photon unique. Le soustracteur est donc la combinaison de tous ces éléments successifs. Nous avons développé un cadre théorique décrivant la soustraction multimode de photons uniques et montré qu'elle peut être décrite, peu importe l'implémentation, par une matrice de soustraction dans une base de modes. Grâce à ce formalisme, nous avons montré que le processus pouvait être caractérisé sans mesurer le signal transformé mais simplement en lui substituant un faisceau sonde dont les impulsions sont aussi mises en forme. Nous avons réalisé une tomographie du processus au niveau du photon unique pour une large gamme de faisceaux de contrôle différents. Nos résultats sont correctement décrits par la théorie développée et démontre la pureté du processus ainsi que l'agilité de la technique employée. / During this thesis, we have built and characterized a single-photon subtractor to engineer the quantum states of light. The aim is to perform a pure and spectrally selective photon subtraction on a multimode resource in the spectral domain. This subtractor consists in a parametric sum-frequency interaction between a signal beam and a control beam within a non-linear medium. The optical spectrum of the control beam is shaped using ultrafast pulse shaping. The up-converted photon is filtered and detected by a single-photon detector. The subtractor is therefore the combination of all these successive elements. We have developed a theoretical framework to describe the multimode subtraction of a single photon and showed that it can be summed up by a subtraction matrix in a modal basis independently of the physical implementation. Thanks to this formalism, we have shown that the process can be characterized without measuring the transformed signal beam but simply by using a probe beam whose pulses are also shaped. We carried out a process tomography at the single-photon level for a wide range of different control beams. Our results are correctly described by the theory we developed and demonstrates the purity of the process as well as the agility of the technique we used.

This thesis encompasses a collection of four pieces of work on wave-particle duality, weak-value-assisted tomography, high-dimensional quantum key distribution, and phase-only holograms. In the work on duality, we derive a novel duality relation, and we sketch a thought experiment that leads to an apparent violation of the duality principle. In the project on tomography, we perform a state determination procedure with weak values, and we study the accuracy of the method. In the quantum cryptography project, we optimize an experimental implementation of a quantum cryptography system where two parties share information with the orbital angular momentum degree of freedom of entangled photon pairs. Finally, in the work on holography, we establish the exact solution to the encryption of a phase-only hologram, and experimentally demonstrate its application to spatial light modulators. The four projects provide improvements on measurement procedures in applied and fundamental quantum mechanics.

Orientador: Antonio Vidiella Barranco / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Física Gleb Wataghin / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-18T11:57:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Decordi_GustavoLazero_M.pdf: 2336423 bytes, checksum: d0ac4b8793e91906cabc7f57fd39f8e7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: Nesta dissertação estudamos um modelo da interação radiação-matéria, mais conhecido como modelo Raman acoplado, consistindo de um átomo de três níveis na configuração ? (lambda) acoplado a dois modos do campo quantizado em regime de alta dessintonia átomo-campo. De início, apresentamos uma revisão dos assuntos que formam a base para o entendimento do trabalho. A partir daí, deduzimos o Hamiltoniano efetivo do modelo através do método de transformação unitária mantendo os termos de segunda ordem nas constantes de acoplamento e eliminando o nível intermediário. Na sequência, comparamos a dinâmica atômica sob duas preparações distintas: na primeira delas consideramos os dois modos em estados puros (estados coerentes), enquanto que na segunda alteramos a preparação do modo 2, mudando o estado coerente para um estado de máxima entropia (estado térmico). Finalizamos esta tese apresentando um estudo do emaranhamento na partição átomomodo 1 sob in uência do modo 2, considerado um subsistema externo. Adotando a Negatividade como principal medida de emaranhamento átomo-campo, vericamos em que circunstâncias do modelo (tempo, preparações iniciais) temos o máximo emaranhamento. / Abstract: In this work we study a model for the matter-radiation interaction, best known as Raman coupled model, which consists of an atom with three levels in the ? (lambda) conguration, coupled to two modes of the quantized field in a high atom-field detuning regime. At the beginning, we present a review of the subjects that form the background for understanding the work. After that, we deduce the Effective Hamiltonian of the model through the method of unitary transformation, keeping the terms of second order in the coupling constants and eliminating the intermediate level. In the sequence, we compare the atomic dynamics under two distinct preparations: in the first we consider the two modes as pure states (coherent states), while in the second we change the preparation in the mode 2, switching the coherent state to a state of maximum entropy (thermal state). We finish this dissertation presenting a study of the entanglement in the partition atommode 1 under the influence of the mode 2, considered as an external subsystem. Adopting the Negativity as the main measure of the atom-field entanglement, we verify in wich circumstances of the model (time, initial preparations) we achieve the maximum entanglement / Mestrado / Física Atômica e Molecular / Mestre em Física

Orientadores: Kyoko Furuya e Marcos César de Oliveira / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Fisica Gleb Wataghin / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-14T10:42:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Missori_RicardoJose_D.pdf: 12608973 bytes, checksum: 25d2abc254d2688f7a4225e0cd2bc6aa (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: Nesta tese, apresentamos dois resultados para a geração de emaranhamento, ambos envolvendo a interação entre átomos e radiação. Na primeira parte, propomos um esquema para geração de estados emaranhados envolvendo os estados eletrônicos de dois íons separados espacialmente, cada qual aprisionado em uma cavidade. Um átomo propagante, que cruza essas cavidades, é responsável pela geração de estados emaranhados do tipo Bell entre os dois íons. Mostramos que para tempos específicos de interação, a geração dos estados emaranhados é não-probabilística. Propostas de átomo e íons, candidatos a implementação do esquema experimental, também são apresentadas. Já segunda parte deste trabalho, investigamos um modelo para a interação de dois campos quânticos ortogonalmente polarizados com uma nuvem de átomos de quatro níveis do tipo-X. Consideramos, para nosso esquema, situações físicas onde os átomos funcionam efetivamente como sendo de dois níveis. Assim, dentro de uma aproximação linearizada do campo, nosso Hamiltoniano efetivo bilinear, que representa a interação átomos-campo, passa a depender da diferença de população entre os dois níveis do ensemble de átomos. Após uma medida condicionada nos átomos, mostramos que os dois modos do campo ficam em estados emaranhados não-Gaussianos, diferentemente do que foi considerado em alguns trabalhos recentes na literatura que abordamos. Como a compressão abaixo do limite de ruído na polarização linear pode ser usada como indicadora de emaranhamento na polarização circular, nós podemos usar a variância das quadraturas, combinada com o critério de inseparabilidade para variáveis contínuas, para complementar o nosso estudo sobre o esquema experimental. / Abstract: In this thesis, we present two results of entanglement generation, both involving atom-radiation interaction. In the first part, we consider a scheme for generation of entangled states involving electronic states of two distant ions, each one placed in a cavity. A flying atom, that crosses these cavities, is responsible for the generation of entangled states of the Bell-type between the two ions. We show that for specific times of interaction, the entangled states are generated and in a non-probabilistic way. We also present a realistic proposal of candidates for atoms and ions for an experimental implementation of this scheme. In the second part of this work, we investigate a model for the interaction of two orthogonally polarized quantum fields with a cloud of X-like four-level atoms. We consider, in our scheme, a physical situation where the atoms act effectively like two-level atoms. Thus, in a linearized approximation for the field, we derive a bilinear effective Hamiltonian representing the atom-field interaction, which depends on the difference of population between the ensemble of two-level atoms. After a conditional measurement in the atomic system, we show that the two field modes ends up in a non-Gaussian entangled states, differently from what has been considered in some recent works in the literature. Since the squeezing below the noise limit in the linear polarization can be used as an indicator of entanglement in the circular polarization, we can use the variances in the quadratures, combined with the inseparability criterion for continuum variables, to complement our study of the experimental scheme. / Doutorado / Física / Doutor em Ciências