Una de las medidas de proteccionismo de los países frente a las importaciones de productos vegetales es el requerimiento de certificación sanitaria, con la finalidad de proteger al país frente al posible ingreso de plagas cuarentenarias. La mosca de la fruta es una de las plagas más perjudiciales económicamente a nivel mundial, en vista de que ocasiona pérdidas anuales del total de producción agrícola de los países hospedantes. De igual forma, los agricultores de estos países se ven sumamente afectados, debido a que deben invertir en diferentes mecanismos tanto de control, como de erradicación de plagas. Nuestro país no es exento a esta plaga, por lo que en muchos casos nuestras exportaciones se han visto restringidas. El año pasado la Unión Europea impuso una serie de restricciones a la importación de mango a través de una serie de requisitos con la finalidad de que el Perú cumpla al menos con uno de ellos para que sus exportaciones de mango no se vean afectadas, los requisitos impuestos fueron país libre de la mosca de la fruta, área libre de la mosca de la fruta, parcela que durante los últimos tres meses no haya tenido rastro de la mosca de la fruta o aplicar un tratamiento eficaz. En la presente investigación buscamos analizar cada uno de estos requisitos y establecer a cuál de ellos debería acogerse nuestro país. / One of the protectionist measures of the countries against imports of plant products is the requirement of sanitary certification, in order to protect the country against the possible entry of quarantine pests. The fruit fly is one of the most economically damaging pests in the world, since it causes annual losses of the total agricultural production of the host countries. Similarly, farmers in these countries are highly affected, because they must invest in different mechanisms, both for control and eradication of pests. Our country is not exempt from this plague, which is why in many cases our exports have been restricted. Last year the European Union imposed a series of restrictions on mango imports through a series of requirements in order for Peru to comply with at least one of them so that its mango exports are not affected; the requirements imposed were fruit fly free country, fruit fly free area, piece of ground that for the last three months we have had no trace of fruit fly or applied effective treatment.. In the present investigation, we seek to analyze each of these requirements and establish which of them should be accepted by our country. / Tesis

A Pest Risk Analysis was conducted on commodities imported as hand luggage from Cameroon, India and Kenya at O.R. Tambo International Airport. The initiation phase indicated that fruit, and to a lesser extent vegetables, are often imported concealed in hand luggage and not declared for inspection. Such undeclared commodities pose a risk to the South African agricultural industry and environment as it may serve as a pathway for quarantine pests. The qualitative pest risk assessment conducted on the commodities intercepted indicated that the risk is high, with the commodities serving as pathways for quarantine pests including insects, bacteria, mites, fungi, viruses and weeds. Bactrocera fruit flies were identified as a specific high risk and were further subjected to a quantitative pest risk assessment. Mitigation treatments for fruit flies were evaluated for efficacy and effect on the quality of the fruit. Hot water immersion treatment was deemed to be an effective mitigation treatment for fruit flies. This treatment on fruit flies was found effective at pulp temp of 46°C and 47°C where the pulp temp is held for 10 and 12 minutes respectively. / Dissertation (MInstAgrar)--University of Pretoria, 2009. / Plant Production and Soil Science / unrestricted

Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T13:44:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao_loraine_rodrigues_jardim.pdf: 1137522 bytes, checksum: de7cff66f6911caeea51266527680966 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-08-13 / The occurrence of invasive plants can alter crop yields, because these plants often grow so strong, competing for light, water and nutrients, affecting seed production. The taxonomic identification of these species is the first step in planning a control program. The objectives of this work are: develop and validate a computer system to support the identification of units spread of invasive species; differentiate seeds of three species of quarantine pests Amaranthus genus of three species of the same genus harmful tolerated by analyzing the morphology inside and outside of their seeds. This work is organized into two chapters: Chapter 1 - describes the process of building a computer system to support the identification of units spread of invasive species. The database of the computer system was composed of morphological descriptions, drawings and photographs of the morphological structures of 198 seeds of invasive species. We developed a tool (available on the Web) to use the database built, providing morphological search by entering information on the morphology of seed and/or dispersion unit that seeks to identify the user. We conducted a test system functionality, which consisted of a questionnaire assessment while using the system. The system proved effective in identifying species, aiding the identification of invasive species. The creation of the database with the information and proposed structure meets the demand of the identification system. Chapter 2 - presents the morphological differentiation of the seeds of six species of the genus Amaranthus, seeking to differentiate species of harmful species quarantine pests in Brazil. We analyzed morphological descriptions of six species of the genus Amaranthus produced and a dichotomous key to highlight morphological able to differentiate species. The visualization of the structure of the embryo by slitting the seed, allows to differentiate the species of Amaranthus. Detailed analysis of the morphological internal and external seeds of Amaranthus is effective in the identification and differentiation of species. / A ocorrência de plantas invasoras pode alterar o rendimento das culturas, pois estas plantas frequentemente crescem de maneira robusta, competindo por luz, água e nutrientes, afetando a produção de sementes. A identificação taxonômica destas espécies é o primeiro passo no planejamento de um programa de controle. Os objetivos deste trabalho são: desenvolver e validar um sistema computacional de apoio à identificação de unidades de dispersão de espécies invasoras; diferenciar sementes de três espécies de pragas quarentenárias do gênero Amaranthus de três espécies nocivas toleradas do mesmo gênero, através da análise da morfologia interna e externa das suas sementes. Este trabalho está organizado em dois capítulos: Capítulo 1- descreve o processo de construção de um sistema computacional para apoio à identificação de unidades de dispersão de espécies invasoras. O banco de dados do sistema computacional foi composto por descrições morfológicas, desenhos das estruturas morfológicas e fotografias de 198 sementes de espécies invasoras. Foi desenvolvida uma ferramenta (disponibilizada na Web) para utilizar o banco de dados construído, oferecendo busca por características morfológicas, através da inserção de informações da morfologia da semente e/ou unidade de dispersão que o usuário procura identificar. Realizou-se um teste de funcionalidade do sistema, que consistiu na aplicação de questionário de avaliação durante a utilização do sistema. O sistema mostrou-se eficaz na identificação de espécies, auxiliando a identificação de espécies invasoras. A criação do banco de dados com as informações e a estrutura propostas atende a demanda do sistema de identificação. Capítulo 2- apresenta a diferenciação morfológica das sementes de seis espécies do gênero Amaranthus, em busca de diferenciar espécies nocivas de espécies pragas quarentenárias no Brasil. Foram analisadas descrições morfológicas de seis espécies do gênero Amaranthus e elaborada uma chave dicotômica para destacar características morfológicas capazes de diferenciar as espécies. A visualização da estrutura do embrião, mediante corte longitudinal da semente, permite diferenciar as espécies de Amaranthus. A análise detalhada das características morfológicas internas e externas das sementes de Amaranthus é eficaz na identificação e diferenciação das espécies.