abstract: Quasars, the visible phenomena associated with the active accretion phase of super- massive black holes found in the centers of galaxies, represent one of the most energetic processes in the Universe. As matter falls into the central black hole, it is accelerated and collisionally heated, and the radiation emitted can outshine the combined light of all the stars in the host galaxy. Studies of quasar host galaxies at ultraviolet to near-infrared wavelengths are fundamentally limited by the precision with which the light from the central quasar accretion can be disentangled from the light of stars in the surrounding host galaxy. In this Dissertation, I discuss direct imaging of quasar host galaxies at redshifts z ≃ 2 and z ≃ 6 using new data obtained with the Hubble Space Telescope. I describe a new method for removing the point source flux using Markov Chain Monte Carlo parameter estimation and simultaneous modeling of the point source and host galaxy. I then discuss applications of this method to understanding the physical properties of high-redshift quasar host galaxies including their structures, luminosities, sizes, and colors, and inferred stellar population properties such as age, mass, and dust content. / Dissertation/Thesis / Ph.D. Astrophysics 2014

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京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(理学) / 甲第24418号 / 理博第4917号 / 新制||理||1702(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院理学研究科物理学・宇宙物理学専攻 / (主査)准教授 岩室 史英, 教授 嶺重 慎, 教授 太田 耕司 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

Submitted by Cássia Santos (cassia.bcufg@gmail.com) on 2017-06-23T13:07:28Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Michael Silva - 2017.pdf: 9912596 bytes, checksum: bb97522cfbfdb005f4a3daa1394bdd89 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2017-07-10T13:54:52Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Michael Silva - 2017.pdf: 9912596 bytes, checksum: bb97522cfbfdb005f4a3daa1394bdd89 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T13:54:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Michael Silva - 2017.pdf: 9912596 bytes, checksum: bb97522cfbfdb005f4a3daa1394bdd89 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-04-28 / This research use the performance notion from studies of Department of Performance Studies at New York University, especially in the work of the playwright Richard Schechner, and pounces toward “Por Instantes de Felicidade” (“Moments of Happiness”), Quasar Dance Companycelebrating spetacle its twentieth anniversary. This work, therefore, questions itself about the historical journey of this company; about how its national and international projection occurs and about its characteristics as a dancer producer to thenceforth to do a poetic reading about this spectacle. In order to get that, this paper proposes a conceptual reflection that signals the epistemological view cast upon the documents of this show and about this company, and it makes a detailed description of the spectacle “Por Instantes de Felicidade” to perceive it formally and contextually. The reading of the show counts on the video images of its local premiere on April 18 and 20, 2008 at Teatro Goiânia, with the extras of such a DVD, an interview with the choreographer Henrique Rodovalho and a writing questionnaire with the interpreter Daniel Calvet. One of the conclusions reached in the research is that the show studied excels by a virtuous performance of dance and that its strong self-referential content ends up characterizing it as a spectacle fundamentally entertainment, especially for its theme to be commemorative. From the interviews conducted with the dancers João Paulo Gross, Marcos Buiati and Martha Cano, who danced it in later years, it is concluded, among other things, that this vigorous performative pattern of the company is physically very demanding for the bodies of the performers. / A pesquisa que aqui se segue usa a noção de performance dos estudos desenvolvidos na vertente de investigação do Departamento de Performance Studies da New York University, especialmente no trabalho do teatrólogo Richard Schechner, para se lançar em direção ao espetáculo “Por Instantes de Felicidade”, da Quasar Cia. de Dança, por meio de seus registros documentais. Este trabalho se questiona sobre o trajeto histórico da companhia; sobre como ocorreu a sua projeção e sobre suas características enquanto produtora de dança para, a partir desses elementos, lançar sua leitura poética da obra de dança acima citada. Para tanto, propõe uma reflexão conceitual que sinaliza o olhar teórico lançado sobre os documentos de tal espetáculo e sobre a companhia; bem como traz uma descrição pormenorizada do “Por Instantes de Felicidade”, para entendê-lo formal e contextualmente. A interpretação do espetáculo conta com as imagens em vídeo de sua estreia local dias 18 e 20 de abril de 2008 no Teatro Goiânia, com os extras de tal DVD, com uma entrevista realizada com o coreógrafo Henrique Rodovalho e com um questionário realizado com o intérprete Daniel Calvet. Uma das conclusões a que se chega na investigação é que o espetáculo estudado prima por uma performance virtuosa de dança e que o seu forte conteúdo autorreferencial acaba por caracterizá-lo enquanto um espetáculo fundamentalmente de entretenimento, especialmente por seu tema ser comemorativo. Das entrevistas realizadas com os bailarinos João Paulo Gross, Marcos Buiati e Martha Cano, que dançaram-no em anos posteriores, conclui-se, entre outras coisas, que esse padrão performático vigoroso da companhia é fisicamente muito exigente para com os corpos dos intérpretes.

Le modèle cosmolgique standard Λ-CDM est celui qui connaît le plus grand succès dans la cosmologie moderne. Pourtant, malgré sa capacité à expliquer la domination de la matière noire sur la structuration de l'univers à grande échelle, il échoue, parfois dramatiquement, lorsque la physique complexe de la matière baryonique entre en jeu. En particulier, l'une des plus grandes questions restant encore sans réponse concerne la différence importante entre la quantité de matière baryonique prédite et celle réellement observée dans les halos de galaxies de faible et de grande masse (e.g. Behroozi et al., 2013b). Les modèles théoriques prédisent beaucoup trop de masse comparé à ce qui est véritablement observé, ce qui mène à la conclusion qu'il existe des mécanismes permettant d'éjecter une partie du réservoir de matière baryonique des galaxies, ce qui affectera donc leur évolution. En d'autres termes, si nous voulons comprendre l'évolution des galaxies, il est essentiel de comprendre de manière précise comment ces galaxies perdent une partie de leur matière baryonique. Pour les galaxies de faibles masses, un ingrédient clé est contenu dans les vents produits par les explosions de supernovae (Dekel & Silk, 1986). Non seulement ces vents peuvent être efficaces pour éjecter le gaz et les métaux du disque galactique, pour enrichir le milieu inter-galactique en éléments lourds (Oppenheimer et al., 2010), mais ils sont aussi observés dans presque toutes les galaxies à formation d'étoiles (Veilleux et al., 2005a), ce qui donne à ces vents un rôle important concernant le cycle de la matière dans les galaxies. Notre connaissance incomplète concernant les relations entre la galaxie et les propriétés du gaz qu'elle éjecte, comme le lien entre le taux de formation stellaire (SFR) et la quantité de masse éjectée Mout , limite notre capacité à produire des simulations numériques précises sur l'évolution des galaxies. L'objectif de cette thèse est de quantifier les propriétés des vents galactiques en utilisant des quasars en arrière plan et la spectroscopie 3D. Afin d'y parvenir, nous utiliserons une quantité importante de données provenant de plusieurs instruments (SDSS, LRIS au Keck, SINFONI, UVES et MUSE au VLT). Grâce à cette nouvelle stratégie d'observation et l'utilisation d'instruments de pointe, nous avons pu augmenter l'échantillon d'un ordre de grandeur et ainsi obtenir de bien meilleures contraintes sur les propriétés du gaz qui s'échappe des galaxies de faible masse. / The Λ-CDM model is one of the most resounding triumphs of modern cosmology. Yet, even though it is immensely successful at explaining the dark matter dominated large scale structures, it fails, sometimes dramatically, when the complex physics of baryonic matter comes into play. In particular, one of the major remaining discrepancies is between the observed and predicted baryonic densities of the dark matter halos of galaxies both in the high mass and low mass regimes (e.g. Behroozi et al., 2013b). Theoretical models predict much more mass than is actually observed, leading to the conclusion that there are mechanisms at play ejecting part of the baryonic matter reservoir from galaxies and therefore affecting their evolution. In other words, if we want to understand the evolution of galaxies, it is essential to understand precisely how galaxies lose a fraction of their baryonic matter. For low mass galaxies, a key part of the solution lies on supernovae-driven outflows (Dekel & Silk, 1986). Not only can such outflows efficiently expel gas and metals from galactic disks, enriching the inter-galactic medium (Oppenheimer et al., 2010), they are also observed in almost every star-forming galaxy (Veilleux et al., 2005a), making them an important part of the matter cycle of galaxies in general. Our incomplete knowledge of scaling relations between galaxies and the properties of their outflowing material, such as between the star formation rate (SFR) and the ejected mass rate Mout, limits our ability to produce accurate numerical simulations of galaxy evolution. The objective of this thesis is to quantify galactic wind properties using background quasars and 3D spectroscopy. In order to achieve our goal, we use large data sets from several instruments (SDSS, LRIS at Keck, SINFONI, UVES and MUSE on VLT). After developing observational strategies in order to have the largest data set possible with this technique, we increased the number of observations by 1 order of magnitude which resulted in better constraints on the outflowing materials for the low mass galaxies.

Les travaux présentés dans cette thèse contraignent la masse des neutrinos dans le contexte de 4 modèles de matière noire en utilisant le spectre de puissance du flux transmit dans les forêts Lyman-alpha des quasars distants. Les neutrinos laissent une emprunte sur les grandes structures dans l'Univers à travers l'échelle à laquelle ils diffusent, qui se manifeste comme un déficit de fluctuations de densité de matière sur des distances inversement proportionnelles à leur masse. De l'ordre de quelques Mpc, ces échelles peuvent être sondées par les forêts Ly-$alpha$ qui tracent la densité d'hydrogène neutre atomique suivant la ligne de visée du quasar en arrière-plan. J'utilise le spectre de puissance Ly-$alpha$ construit grâce à deux relevés de grandes structures:les $13,821$ spectres optiques de quasars basse-résolution de la 9ème publication des données du SDSS/BOSS à 12 redshifts de $langle z rangle = 2.2$ à $4.4$; ainsi que la centaine de spectres de quasar haute-résolution du relevé XQ-100 du VLT à $langle z rangle = 3.20, 3.56$ et $3.93$. Ces deux relevés nous permettent de sonder les échelles de $k geqslant 0.001~s/mathrm{km}$ à $k leqslant 0.02$ et $k leqslant 0.07~ s/mathrm{km}$ respectivement.Modéliser le spectre de puissance Ly-$alpha$ nécessite résoudre le régime non-linéaire de formation des structure et modéliser le gaz inter-galactique dans les simulations cosmologiques hydrodynamiques destinées à cet effet. Je contrôle pour plusieurs incertitudes systématiques liées à ces simulations. Dans un premier temps, je quantifie la variance d'échantillonnage à l'aide de simulations tournées avec différentes conditions initiales. Dans un second temps, je teste la validité d'une méthode permettant de construire le spectre de puissance à partir de simulations plus petites et moins résolues. Pour ce, j'ai tourné une simulation évoluant $2 times 2048^3$ particules de matière noire et de baryons dans un covolume de $(100~h^{-1}mathrm{Mpc})^3$. Ce travail a permit à notre groupe d'améliorer les contraintes sur la masse des neutrinos de $sum m_nu < 0.15~mathrm{eV}$ établie précédemment à $sum m_nu < 0.12~mathrm{eV}$ à $95%$ de vraisemblance. J'ai ensuite tourné mes efforts vers l'implémentation de neutrinos stériles en tant qu'un candidat matière noire non-froide dans les simulations. En particulier, j'ai produit les contraintes les plus fortes (au moment de la publication) sur la masse des neutrinos stériles en tant que matière noire tiède: $m_nu lesssim 25~mathrm{keV}$ à $95%$ de vraisemblance. J'ai étendu l'étude dans le contexte d'une matière noire mixte et contraint l'abondance relative de la composante tiède par rapport à la froide. Enfin, j'ai complété ce travail en permettant une résonance dans la production des neutrinos stériles, réduisant ainsi leur échelle caractéristique de diffusion et refroidissant la matière tiède qu'ils incorporent. A ce but, j'ai initié une collaboration avec une équipe de physiciens théoriques impliqués dans les recherches astrophysiques de ces neutrinos stériles dits produits par résonance dans des objets riches en matière noire. Notre jeune collaboration a établi les premières contraintes sur leur masse en utilisant le spectre de puissance Ly-$alpha$. / In the work presented in this thesis, I use the power spectrum of the transmitted flux in the Lyman-alpha (Ly-$alpha$) forest of distant quasars to constrain the mass of cosmological neutrinos in the context of four seperate projects. Neutrinos leave a signature imprint on large scale structures in the Universe through their free-streaming, which manifests as a deficit of matter density fluctuations on typical length scales that are inversely proportional to their rest mass. This typical free-streeming scale, of order a few Mpc, can be probed by Ly-$alpha$ forests which are imprints of the neutral atomic Hydrogen density along the background quasar's line-of-sight. I use the Ly-$alpha$ flux power spectrum from mainly two large scale structure surveys: the $13,821$ low-resolution quasar spectra from the ninth data release of SDSS (BOSS) in 12 redshift bins from $langle z rangle = 2.2$ to $4.4$; and the $100$ high-resolution quasar spectra from the XQ-100 survey (of the VLT's XShooter spectrograph) in 3 redshift bins, $langle z rangle = 3.20, 3.56$ and $3.93$. This enables us to probe scales from $k geqslant 0.001~s/mathrm{km}$ to $k leqslant 0.02$ and $k leqslant 0.07~ s/mathrm{km}$ respectively.Modeling the flux power spectrum requires solving the non-linear regime of structure formation and the intergalactic gas in the cosmological hydrodynamics simulations that are used to that effect. I controlled for several of many systematic uncertainties related to the simulations. First, I ran simulations with different initial conditions to quantify the sampling variance. I then tested the accuracy of a splicing technique that we use to construct the flux power spectrum from lower size and lower resolution simulations. This required producing a complete run of a $(100~h^{-1}mathrm{Mpc})^3$ comoving cube containing $2 times 2048^3$ dark matter particles and baryons. This enabled our working group to enhance the previously established constraints on the sum of neutrino masses from $sum m_nu < 0.15~mathrm{eV}$ to the most stringent constraint to date $sum m_nu < 0.12~mathrm{eV}$ with $95%$ confidence. I then worked on implementing right-handed neutrinos in non-cold dark matter cosmological frameworks. A substancial amount of work has gone into applying plausible initial conditions that would accurately model the free-streaming effect of these types of particles. I put the most stringest constraints (at the time of publication) on the mass of non-resonantly produced sterile neutrinos as pure warm dark matter candidates, $m_nu lesssim 25~mathrm{keV}$ at $95%$ confidence. I extended this investigation into a mixed warm plus cold dark matter cosmology. Finally, I implement right-handed neutrinos produced in presence of a lepton asymmetry which boosts their production and lowers their free-streaming scale. I started a collaboration with a team of theoretical physicists involved in searching for astrophysical evidence for the existance of such resonantly-produced right-handed neutrinos in dark matter rich systems. Our new-born collaboration has enabled the first ever constraints on their mass using the Ly-$alpha$ forest power spectrum.

La BLR (broad line region) d’un noyau galactique actif (AGN) transporte la matière du tore de poussière vers le disqued’accrétion autour d’un trou noir super massif. Il faut connaître sa géométrie pour comprendre la formation et la croissancedu trou noir, comme ses relations avec la luminosité du noyau. L’échographie lumineuse ou « reverberation mapping » permetd’estimer le rayon équivalent de la BLR ainsi que la masse du trou noir et donne des lois masse-luminosité et rayon-luminositédont la précision, limitée par les inconnues géométriques, reste insuffisante pour des applications cosmologiques.L’interférométrie optique avec le VLTI donne des mesures indépendantes de cette masse et de ces paramètres géométriqueset mesure un rayon angulaire équivalent, ce qui donne une mesure directe de distance. Nous avons développé un modèle 3Dde BLR et une méthode Bayésienne d’ajustement des paramètres qui nous ont permis de montrer que la combinaison del’échographie et de l’interférométrie donnera des mesures de masse et de distance à mieux que 15% près à un milliard deparsec. Nous appliquons ces outils aux toutes premières observations avec l’instrument AMBER de la BLR du quasar 3C273et nous montrons et expliquons qu’elle est bien plus grande que prédit par échographie et s’étend au delà du bord interne dutore de poussière, avec une géométrie quasi sphérique. Ces résultats sont extrapolés à la nouvelle génération d’instrument duVLTI pour montrer que cet interféromètre permettra de calibrer les méthodes échographiques pour transformer les quasarsen sondes cosmologiques majeures. / The broad line region (BLR) of Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN) contains the high velocity gas clouds transporting materialfrom the dust torus to the accretion disk around the central super massive black hole (SMBH). Unveiling BLR structure iscritical to understand the accretion mechanism driving the SMBH evolution and shaping the AGN inflows, outflows and jets.Reverberation Mapping (RM) constrains the BLR geometry, kinematic, mass and equivalent linear size with parameterdegeneracies and fudge factors depending from the source geometry. Optical Interferometry (OI) yields independentconstrains on BLR structure, mass and equivalent angular size. We developed a 3D geometrical model of BLRs to estimateboth RM and OI measures and to show that the combination of these two techniques will very substantially reduce theuncertainty of mass estimates and yield direct distance measurement from “quasar parallax”. We used this model and a MonteCarlo Markov Chain Bayesian parameter fit of simulated data to show that quasar parallax can measure distances withaccuracy better than 15%. We used it on actual data to interpret and explain our first OI observations of the BLR of thebright quasar 3C273 found to have a BLR of about 1750±35 light days (ld) much larger than predicted by RM (450±120 ld)and larger than the inner rim of the dust torus of about 800±270 ld, yielding a SMBH mass of 5±1 108 solar masses. Ourmodel and SNR computations show that the VLTI incoming instruments can observe about 60 BLRs covering more than 4decades of luminosity, enough to try a grand unification of BLRs models and a calibration of RM making QSOs majorcosmological probes.

Neste trabalho realizamos cálculos teóricos das razões de povoamento dos níveis de estrutura fina do C0, C+ e Si+ considerando em detalhes os efeitos dos diversos mecanismos de excitação: colisões, fluorescência e a radiação cósmica de fundo. Empregamos dados atômicos recentes coletados na literatura na resolução das equações de equilíbrio estatístico pertinentes. A confrontação das razões de povoamento calculadas com as razões de densidades de coluna observadas disponíveis na literatura nos permite obter informações acerca das condições físicas (densidades volumétricas, intensidade de um campo de radiação UV presente, temperatura da radiação cósmica de fundo) e propriedades (dimensão característica e massa) dos sistemas damped Lyman a e Lyman Limit vistos em absorção no espectro de QSOs. Como um aparte, e por sua relação com o tema do trabalho, também investigamos a lei de temperatura da radiação cósmica de fundo. / In this work we perform theoretical calculations of the population ratios of fine structure levels of C0, C+ and Si+ considering in detail the effect of the various excitation mechanisms: collisions, fluorescence and the cosmic background radiation. We employ recent atomic data, gathered in the literature, to solve the related statistical equilibrium equations. The comparison of the calculated population ratios with the observed column densities ratios available in the literature allows us to obtain informations regarding the physical conditions (volume densities, intensity of a UV radiation field present, temperature of the cosmic background radiation) and properties (characteristic size and mass) of damped Lyman a and Lyman Limit systems seen in absorption in spectra of QSOs. We also investigate the temperature law of the cosmic background radiation, which bears a tight relationship with this work.

The work in this thesis concerns the host galaxies of a class of luminous, yet heavily-obscured, quasars at z$\sim$2 - a peak epoch of both star formation and black hole accretion. Here, we seek to characterise the star-forming properties of these obscured quasars to improve our understanding of galaxy-quasar coevolution. A key issue facing host galaxy studies among populations of the most luminous quasars is being able to disentangle the galaxy emission from that of the quasar. With combined observations from the Dark Energy Survey (DES), the VISTA Hemisphere Survey (VHS) and the UKIDSS Large Area Survey (ULAS), we exploit the quasar dust extinction in our sample to demonstrate that the quasar and galaxy emission can be separated via SED-fitting in these systems. By isolating the galaxy emission in this way, we estimate instantaneous SFRs for the galaxies in our sample, based on the restframe UV emission. In general, we find obscured quasars to reside in prodigiously star forming hosts with 25 $\lesssim$ SFR$_{\rm{UV}}$ $\lesssim$ 365 M$_{\rm{\odot}}$yr$^{-1}$. Furthermore, we show that the most luminous quasars reside in the most actively star-forming galaxies, potentially indicating the same gas supply is fuelling both star formation and accretion on to the black hole. Having isolated the galaxy emission via SED-fitting, we test our ability to model the restframe-UV emission of obscured z$\sim$2 quasar hosts in 2D. Until now, morphological studies of luminous quasar hosts have typically been limited to low redshifts or relied on space-based imaging. By making use of a multi-band modelling code however, we demonstrate that it is possible to accurately infer several galaxy properties (i.e. the position of the galaxy in the image, (X,Y), its radius, R$_{\rm{eff}}$, axis ratio, q$_{\rm{GAL}}$, angle of orientation, $\theta$, and S\'rsic index, $n$), based on current ground-based imaging, accross the full range of galaxy and quasar luminosities considered in our sample. This potentially opens the door to future ground-based morphological studies of obscured quasars at high redshift. At sub-mm wavelengths, thermal emission from cold dust peaks, meaning these wavelengths can be used to probe the dust heating by star formation, effectively giving a measure of the obscured star formation in the galaxy. Using targeted observations from SCUBA-2, we trace the 850$\mu$m emission in a sample of obscured quasars, finding evidence for prodigious star formation $ > $ 2400 M$_$yr$^$ in three of the 19 quasars in our sample. The detection rate of our obscured quasar sample is found to be consistent with that of both more heavily-obscured Hot-DOGs and UV-luminous quasars, once the samples have been matched in luminosity and redshift. Furthermore, we find evidence that several of the obscured quasars lie in overdense regions of the sky ($\sim$ 3 times denser than sub-mm blank fields).

My dissertation focuses on a relatively new field of study: the region immediately around galaxies known as the circumgalactic medium (CGM). The CGM holds vast quantities of mass and metals, yet its connection to galaxies is not well understood. My work uses cosmological hydrodynamic simulations and comparisons to data from Hubble's Cosmic Origins Spectrograph (COS) to understand the CGM's connection to galaxy evolution, gas accretion, outflows, star formation, and baryon cycling. This includes studies of the CGM's extent and physical conditions; the cause and nature of outflows; gas dynamics, including the first comprehensive study of tracers of inflowing and outflowing gas at low redshift (z=0.25); and direct comparison of theoretical results to observational data. Chapter 1 introduces my research and show its connection to galaxy evolution. Chapter 2 investigates hydrogen and metal line absorption around low-redshift galaxies in cosmological hydrodynamic simulations. This chapter studies different models for stellar outflows, physical conditions, and dependencies on halo mass. Chapter 3 examines the flow of gas into, out of, and around galaxies using a novel particle tracking technique. This chapter examines the baryon cycle in detail for our preferred model of stellar outflows. Chapter 4 compares our model results, including two separate prescriptions for outflows, with data from COS. We contrast these wind models, showing how they cycle baryons differently, and show degeneracies in observational diagnostics. In Chapter 5, I summarize and discuss plans for future research in this field, and how it can be more fully leveraged to understand galaxy evolution.