Master of Science / Granular activated carbon (GAC) is a treatment technology commonly used in drinking water treatment. Recently, a maximum contaminant limit (MCL) has been proposed for a group of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), a class of chemicals that have been used in many consumer products and industrial applications. GAC is capable of the treatment of PFAS below the MCL, but in many water sources competing contaminants are present that are also removed by GAC, reducing the capacity for PFAS removal. This requires more frequent replacement of the carbon media and greatly increases the cost of the treatment. Surface modification can be performed to increase the removal capacity and specificity of the GAC, allowing more of its removal capacity to be used for PFAS. Surface modification is performed by coating the GAC in a chemical that is then immobilized on the carbon through electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions. As GAC and many micropollutants treated by GAC, including the regulated PFAS, are negative, performing surface modification using a positive chemical increases the removal capacity of the carbon. Bench-scale tests using fully exhausted carbon showed PFAS removal following up-flow and influent addition surface modification.

Depleting oil reserves and increased costs of the oil and gas recoveries have created the need to drill in challenging formations. When drilled through, shale formations in particular always generated a wide variety of problems if conventional water-based muds are used. Furthermore, the complexity and variations in shales have compounded the task of developing suitable drilling fluids. In light of these problems, the study of shale properties and their interactions with fluids will continue to be a muchneeded source of information in drilling industry. In this study a low molecular weight quaternary amine compound, which is provided by KarKim Drilling Fluids Inc., and its mixtures with sodium and potassium chloride is investigated in the aspects of capillary suction times, hot rolling recoveries, methylene blue capacities and one-dimensional free swelling properties in order to compare performances of salts and amine compound. For all test methods quaternary amine concentration from 1% to 6% by volume were studied and seen that less amount of quaternary amine compound is needed in order to obtain close shale recoveries and shale volume change potential if compared with sodium and potassium chloride. This prevents the usage of high concentration of chlorides and hence provides environmental sensitiveness. Furthermore, it was concluded that combining an amount of salt with quaternary amine compound gives the system enhanced shale inhibition properties.

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