The objective of this study was to determine the effectiveness of suction cup lysimeters (SCL) in extracting substrate solution from pine bark substrates. Lysimeter types tested were 4.8-cm diameter with a ½ or 1-bar air-entry value (AEV) and 2.2-cm diameter also with a ½ or 1-bar AEV. Sufficient volume could be obtained when a vacuum pressure of 30, 40 or 50 cb was applied to lysimeters with a minimum extraction time of five minutes. The 2.2-cm lysimeters were found to be suitable for extracting solution if smaller sample volumes were needed. To determine effect of vacuum pressure and extraction time on volume extracted, the 4.8-cm ½-bar lysimeters were installed in containers with pine bark substrate and Quercus phellos L. (willow oak) trees. Volumes extracted were somewhat erratic and not strongly dependent upon centibars of vacuum or extraction time. Lysimeters immersed in water demonstrated that variability was not due to individual lysimeters, but to the coarse nature of the pine bark substrate. Substrate EC levels were not affected when volume of substrate solution extracted by the SCL's varied from 10 to190 ml.â To determine the effectiveness of SCL's to monitor nutrient status of container-grown shade trees, two-year-old container-grown willow oak trees were grown in a pine bark substrate and fertilized with 0, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250 or 300 grams Osmocote Plus Northern (15N – 3.9P – 9.8K). Plant height and trunk diameter increased with up to 200 grams of Osmocote per container. There was a good relationship between solution EC and plant growth / Master of Science

Trees provide numerous benefits crucial to urban environments, yet poor growing conditions often prevent trees from reaching their genetic potential for growth, longevity, and ecosystem function. To overcome these limitations, greater understanding of tree growth in the urban environment is needed. The goal of this research project was therefore to characterize a broad suite of soil characteristics associated with urban tree plantings and evaluate their suitability for modeling physical dimensions and growth rates of urban trees. A series of observational studies and experiments was conducted on urban soils inhabited by two tree species (Zelkova serrata (Thunb.) Mikano and Quercus phellos L.) in Washington, DC and one tree species (Quercus virginiana Mill.) in Jacksonville, FL – two major metropolitan areas of the eastern United States with contrasting climate and soils. Characterization of urban soil attributes within cities revealed low variability for some properties (soil texture, pH, and certain plant nutrients with coefficients of variation (CV) below 0.5), but high variability (CV>1.0) for others (nitrate, ammonium, copper, and zinc). This is dependent on the location. These findings suggest that tree planting site evaluations may not require measurements for all soil properties and that representative sampling may be sufficient to accurately characterize most soil properties within a city. Field assessment of urban tree soils also revealed that conventional measures of soil compaction are difficult to obtain due to obstructions by roots and other foreign objects. To address the critical need for efficient and reliable assessment of soil compaction around urban trees, an experiment was conducted to develop bulk density estimation models for four common soil texture classes using soil strength and soil moisture as predictor variables. These models provided medium (0.42) to high (0.85) coefficients of determination when volumetric water content (VWC) was log transformed, demonstrating that measurements of soil texture, strength, and moisture can provide rapid, reliable assessment of soil compaction. Tree growth modeling focused on three response variables: canopy projection (CP), canopy volume (CV), and peak-increment-area age (PIA). To calculate PIA, tree-ring analysis was used to determine the age at which maximal trunk diameter growth occurred between transplanting and time of sampling. Because Q. virginiana has difficult-to-distinguish growth rings, an intensive tree-ring analysis of cores collected from these trees was conducted. The analysis revealed interseries correlation coefficients of up to 0.66, demonstrating that Q. virginiana can be aged with fairly high confidence in an urban setting. Empirical models developed for all three tree species using the suite of soil and site variables explained 25% – 83% of the observed variability in tree physical dimensions and growth rates. Soil pH was found to be a significant predictor variable for the majority of growth models along with nutrients such as Fe, B, Mn, and Zn, which are also associated with soil alkalinity. Models for PIA possessed the highest coefficient of determination, suggesting that measurements of soil conditions can be used confidently to predict the age at which growth rate subsides in these species. CV and CP were not predicted as well by soil-related variables, presumably because above-ground constraints such as pruning and building encroachment can affect canopy size without necessarily affecting growth rate. Certain prediction models for all three species included predictor variables with counterintuitive influences on tree growth (e.g., negative influences of soil depth on Q. phellos and soil volume on Q. virginiana), suggesting that either these urban trees are responding to these variables in a novel manner or that variables unaccounted for in these models (perhaps related to urbanization or high vehicular traffic) are concomitantly influencing tree growth. / Ph. D.

Riparian wetlands may provide numerous ecosystem services, including water quality protection, food and fiber supply, wildlife habitat, and carbon sequestration. In recent years, riparian forests have received increased attention and funding for riparian forest restoration projects. Unfortunately, failures of riparian restoration efforts are likely due to mortality of planted trees. Tree mortality is commonly attributable to several factors, including selection of species that are not well suited to the wetland sites, inadequate planting densities, soil compaction associated with former agricultural activities, lack of microtopographic relief that allow small seedling to survive on wet sites, competition by herbaceous plants, and browse. Selection of well-suited species, dense planting and use of mechanical soil site preparations are all potential remedies to partially address success of wetland restoration plantings. Riparian restoration projects have historically been undertaken with goals of improving water quality and/or wildlife habitat, but in recent years there has been increased valuation of carbon sequestration. Carbon valuation appears to be increasing, but more research is needed to determine rates and pools of carbon accumulation in riparian areas. Our research quantifies forest establishment effects on multiple carbon pools in a densely planted, 12-year-old old-field riparian restoration. Our research evaluated the effects of four soil mechanical site preparations (bed, disk, pit, and mound and rip) and species selection (American sycamore (Platanus occidentalis) and willow oak, (Quercus phellos) on forest establishment and carbon storage across multiple pools, namely in planted trees, herbaceous vegetation, fine roots, organic soil horizons, and the mineral soil. At 12 years, we found that species selection was more important to carbon storage than site preparation. American sycamore was well suited to the site and had better survival than willow oak (64% vs 42% survival). American sycamore also stored more carbon across all site preparations than willow oak. Measured carbon storage averaged 74.8 Mg ha-1 for American sycamore treatments and 63.1 Mg ha-1 for willow oak treatments. The plots were densely planted (1.2 m (4ft) by 1.8 m (6ft) spacing), and forests were established even in higher mortality willow oak plots. These results indicate that high planting density is potentially a viable practice for establishing riparian forest cover, especially if desired species are marginally site suited or other survival inhibiting factors exist. / Master of Science / Riparian forests located within the floodplain of streams are known to protect stream water quality, provide wildlife habitat, and store carbon. Due to these benefits, trees may be replanted on riparian areas that were formerly used for agriculture. Unfortunately, trees planted on these restoration sites have often died. The tree mortality may be due to planting incorrect tree species that may struggle on wet floodplains, soil compaction from agricultural practices, not enough trees being planted, and restored floodplains lacking small, elevated areas common across natural wetlands known to favor tree rooting and survival. Reasonably, selecting species that are well suited to a specific site, planting trees more densely, and using plowing methods designed to break up compaction and create some relief in elevation would amend these issues. Traditionally, floodplain restorations have focused on improving water quality and providing habitat for wildlife, but the benefits of storing carbon have become increasingly valuable in recent years. While we know that wetlands store carbon, research is needed to examine how quickly and where carbon is stored. Our research quantifies forest establishment and carbon storage of very densely planted, 12-year-old American sycamore (Platanus occidentalis) and willow oak (Quercus phellos) plantations. This research examines the effects four soil tillage methods and tree species selection had on tree survival and carbon storage. Carbon storage was measured in vegetation, soil, and small roots. Twelve years after planting, species selection had a greater impact on carbon storage than soil tillage methods. No tillage method altered survival or total carbon after 12 years, but American sycamore was found to have better survival and more carbon than willow oak in all soil tillage treatments. Both species were successful in establishing planted forests on the floodplain, but the success was aided by the very high initial numbers of planted trees that ensured enough trees would survive on the site even after trees were lost to mortality. Creation of willow oak forests benefitted more from dense planting, as it was less suited to the site and more planted willow oaks died. We recommend tillage for compacted soil, selecting the most suitable tree species, and planting adequate numbers of trees.