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The molecular events in cells exposed to mutagenic and oncogenic quinoline N-oxides were examined by analyzing single-strand breakage of DNA. Secondary cultures of embryonic Syrian-hamster cells and a line of BHK-21 cells were used. The choice of nitroquinoIine N-oxides afforded a series of water-soluble chemicals with three relative degrees of oncogenicity: highly oncogenic 4-nitroquinoIine 1-oxide (4NQO), weakly oncogenic 3-methyI-4-nitroquinoIine 1-oxide (3-methyI-4NQO), and the non-oncogenic 3-nitroquinoIine 1-oxide (3NQO) and 8-nitroquinoIine 1-oxide (8NQO). The detection of subtle alterations in DNA sedimentation velocity was greatly improved by a double-label procedure. Cells treated for 2 hours with the various nitroquinoIine N-oxide compounds were prelabelled with 0.05 uCi/ml ¹⁴C-thymidine for 24 hours. Untreated control cells were labelled with 0.25 uCi/ml ³H-thymidine for 24 hours. Aliquots of quinoline N-oxide treated and untreated cells were mixed, layered on the alkaline sucrose gradient, centrifuged at 25,000 rpm for 300 minutes, and the amount of ¹⁴C (treated) and ³H(untreated) radioactivity in each fraction of the gradient was determined. The alkaline sucrose gradient technique was modified in the following ways: (1) a PBS cell suspension was layered directly onto a 2% sucrose solution overlay, on the gradient, to reduce DNA-shearing forces believed previously encountered with a 0.5M NaOH overlay, (2) cell lysis and centrifugation were carried out at 4° rather than room temperature, and (3) the number of cells layered per gradient was reduced to 12,000. A correlation between the degree of oncogenicity of nitroquinoline N-oxides and their capacity to induce DNA single-strand breakage was indicated, although limited because of the low sensitivity of the sucrose gradient technique. Single-strand breaks of DNA occurred when celIs were treated for 2 hours with 5x10⁻⁶M 4NQO but were not detectable when exposed to 4NQO at a 1x10⁻⁶M concentration or less. However, when cells were treated with the weakly oncogenic 3-methyI-4NQO (5x10⁻⁶M) or the non-oncogenic 3NQO and 8NQO (5x10⁻⁶M) there were either no singIe-strand breaks produced or the frequency was too small to be recognized. The repair of single-strand breaks was measured by sampling 4NQO-exposed cells after various periods post-treatment and estimating the amount of ¹⁴C(treated)-DNA (in percent of total ¹⁴C counts) over and above the amount of ³H(untreated)-DNA (in percent of total ³H counts) occurring in the top half of each gradient. Substantial repair at 24 hours was indicated by less than 4% ¹⁴C-DNA above ³H-DNA as opposed to 29% ¹⁴C-DNA above ³H-DNA at 0 hours post-treatment incubation. Caffeine (1,3,7-trimethyIxanthine), added at a concentration of 4x10⁻³M to cell cultures, greatly reduced DNA single-strand breaks induced by 4NQO (4x10⁻⁶M). Attempts were made to correlate the capacity of synthetic quinoline N-oxides to induce DNA single-strand breaks with their capacity to invoke charge-transfer complexes with one or more DNA nucleotides, and so this study suggests approaches by which biological phenomena can be interpreted, ultimately, in terms of relative electron charge densities of molecules. / Medicine, Faculty of / Medical Genetics, Department of / Graduate

Chloride, bromide, pyridinium and quinolinium homologues of 4-(N- hexadecylpyridinium-4-ylmethylidene-amino)-2,6-dichlorophenolate have been investigated in solution, Langmuir and Langmuir-Blodgett films. Techniques including spectroscopy, surface potential measurement, quartz crystal microbalance, surface plasmon resonance, atomic force microscopy, reectometry and X-ray diffraction have been used to characterise these molecular systems. In solution, solvatochroism was observed and Benisi-Hildebrand analysis revealed dimeric aggregation. Langmuir monolayers were compressed at the air/water interface and chromophore rotation was observed by surface potential measurement. Langmuir- Blodgett monolayers showed lm-thickness dependence on the deposition-pressure. Monolayer thicknesses between 6-24Ä were measured using SPR and molecular areas between 40-l25Ä2 were measured using a quartz crystal microbalance. Both the molecular/s/area)and monolayer thicknesses were deposition-pressure dependent. The high tilt phases were visually distinguishable from the low tilt phases using atomic force microscopy, The compounds showed phase behaviour that was predominantly alike for the bromide and chloride homologues but different for the pyridinium and quinolinum homologues. Multilayer Y-type films of the merocyanine dyes were analysed using reectometry and deposition-pressure dependent thicknesses were found. Alternate layer structures of NLO-active hemicyanine amphiphiles were used to achieve homogeneous. orientation ordering using active and inactive spacer layers. Ordering was achieved but the optical efficiency was reduced by high proportions of inactive material and interlayer dipole formation. Double chained hemicyanine molecules were used to form Z-type structures and subsequent layers were found to significantly interdigitate. Different chain lengths were found to interdigitate by the length of the shortest chain. Gas detection experiments were undertaken on the quinolinium, dichloro merocyanine using three optical geometries. The absorption method showed slow switching and poor sensitivity. The Kretschmann SPR geometry showed high sensitivity and rapid switching. The grating SPR geometry showed rapid switching but was less sensitive than the ATR method. Protonation of the monolayers was investigated using hydrochloric acid gas, acetic acid vapour and stearic acid immobilised within the lm.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karolinska institutet, 2005. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Chemistry / Duy H. Hua / The first chapter of this dissertation introduces and discusses the syntheses of a series of substituted quinolines as glycogen synthase kinase-3[beta] (GSK-3[beta]) inhibitors. GSK-3[beta] is highly associated with Alzheimer’s disease (AD), and it is suggested that inhibition of this enzyme could alleviate the symptoms of AD. Total 16 novel substituted quinolines were designed and synthesized, and their bio-activities were evaluated on MC65 cell protection assay. Four of the most active compounds were selected to test their enzyme inhibitory activities on GSK-3[beta] and protein kinase C assays. Among these compounds, 4-{[6-methoxy-4-methyl-5-(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy)quinolin-8-ylamino]methyl} phenol (1.5) shows the highest MC65 cell protection and GSK-3[beta] enzyme inhibitory activities and potential enzyme specificity. Structure-activity relationship (SAR) was built as well, and the binding mode was simulated via computational method to interpret the observed SAR. Although additional bio-evaluation is needed, compound 1.5 is a promising lead compound for the development of more active and less toxic drug for the conteraction of AD. The second chapter introduces the progress on the total synthesis of myriceric acid A. Myriceric acid A is a triterpene-type natural product which was isolated from the young twigs of Myrica cerifera. It is a non-peptide endotheline-1 (ET-1) receptor antagonist. The total synthesis of this natural product started from the stereoselective synthesis of bicyclic intermediate (R)-5,8a-dimethyl-3,4,8,8a-tetrahydronaphthalene-1,6(2H,7H)-dione [(-)-2.28]. Then a new method was developed to enatioselectively synthesize the tricyclic intermediate (4aR,8R,8aR)-8-(tertbutyldimethylsilyloxy)-1,4a,8a-trimethyl-4,4a,4b,5,6,7,8,8a,9,10-decahydro phenanthren-2(3H)-one [(+)-2.72] which used the synthesized optically-pure (4aR,5R)-5-(tertbutyldimethylsilyloxy)-1,4a-dimethyl-4,4a,5,6,7,8-hexahydronaphthalen-2(3H)-one [(-)-2.53] derived from (-)-2.28 and [alpha]-trimethylsilylvinyl ethyl ketone via a cascade reductive Michael addition – aldol condensation reaction. After functional group inter-conversion, the desired tricyclic intermediate (4a'S,8a'R)-1',1',4a',8a'-tetramethyldecahydro-1'H-spiro[[1,3]dioxolane-2,2'-phenanthren]-8'(3'H)-one [(-)-2.33] was synthesized. An intramolecular cascade Michael addition-aldol condensation reaction was designed to construct the triterpene-skeleton of myriceric acid A, and the desired starting material for this reaction was prepared with the trimethyl{(4a'R,8a'R)-1',1',4a',8a'-tetramethyl-3',4',4a',4b',5',6',8a',9',10',10a'-decahydro-1'Hspiro[(1,3)dioxolane-2,2'-phenanthrene]-8'-yloxy}silane [(-)-2.81] and 3,3-dimethyl-7-oxooctanal (2.46) via Mukaiyama aldol condensation reaction. The resulting pentacyclic compound was further transformed to the desired ester (6a'R,8a'R,12a'S,12b'R,14b'R)-ethyl 4',4',6a',11',11',14b'-hexamethyl-8'-oxo-2',4',4a',5',6',6a',8',8a',9',10',11',12',12a',12b',13',14',14a',14b'-octadecahydro-1'H-spiro[(1,3) dioxolane - 2, 3 '- picene]-8a'-carboxylate (-)-2.106. The further investigation on total synthesis of myriceric acid A will be pursued in future.

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This thesis is concerned with the synthesis and characterisation of novel TCNQ (7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane), TMTCNQ (2,3,5,6-tetramethyl-7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane) and TCNQF4 (2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane) based zwitterionic D-1t-A materials (where D and A are electron donors and acceptors respectively) of which the methylated Z-~-(N-methyl-4-quinolinium)-a-cyano-4( 2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro)styryldicyanomethanide [CH3(4)Q3CNQF4] is a typical example. Synthetic modification of the donor moiety was also undertaken, resulting in a diverse range of pyridinium, quinolinium and benzothiazolium-based materials, which may have use in nonlinear optical research. For the quinolinium system an extensive range of both 2- and 4-substituted analogues have been prepared and their properties compared and contrasted. The solvatochromic behaviour of these zwitterions was investigated in detail by dissolution in a range of organic solvents and measurement of their longest wavelength charge-transfer absorption bands using UV/Visible spectroscopy, which revealed that the substituents have a marked effect upon their solvatochromic properties. Most of the adducts studied display highly negative solvatochromism as the solvent polarity increases, in which their absorption maxima are linearly related with the normalised ENT values for the Reichardt dye. However the fluorinated quinolinium and pyridinium derivatives exhibit an unusual aggregation-induced reverse solvatochromism effect. The negative halochromic behaviour of selected zwitterions has also been investigated, with a hypsochromic shift of the longest wavelength CT absorption band being observed upon addition of electrolytes. Increased polarisation within the fluorinated R(4)Q3CNQF4 and R(2)Q3CNQF4 adducts has been indicated by solution state dipole moment measurements indicating greater nonlinear optical potential. However this increased polarisation has also been shown to be a major cause of the limited stability of these materials to photo-oxidation. The behaviour of the R(4)Q3CNQF4 and R(2)Q3CNQF4 zwitterions on the subphase and their resultant Langmuir-Blodgett film forming ability was also studied. However unlike the TCNQ-based materials the fluorinated adducts have been shown to be poor LB film forming materials.

Des sondes photoactivables (composés “cagés”) dérivées de la 2-hydroxyméthylène-diméthylaminoquinoléine, ont été préparées et testées pour une application en neurophysiologie. Ces sondes montrent une stabilité hydrolytique élevée et une faible fluorescence, avec des cinétiques de photofragmentation rapides sous irradiation UV (365 nm). Il en est également de même dans des conditions biphotoniques en IR proche (730 nm). Une optimisation de cette plateforme a été réalisée en modifiant la nature et la position des substituants du chromophore, en augmentant la conjugaison et en incorporant des éléments de symétrie C2 et S3, conduisant aux sondes dipolaires, quadrupolaires (dimériques) et octupolaires (trimériques) à haute sensibilité biphotonique ( < 2,50 GM). Les dérivés les plus efficaces ont été testés dans des expériences en neurophysiologie. Tandis que les dérivés de kaïnate sont suffisamment stables en solution aqueuse à pH 7,4 pour les expériences en conditions physiologiques, les dérivés de L-glutamate et GABA ont nécessité une connexion de type carbamate avec la plateforme photoactivable. Sans irradiation, les solutions « stock » de ces composés « cagés » (c = 200-300 µM) n’ont pas produit d’effets majeurs sur l'excitabilité des neurones à en juger par le manque d'effet sur l'activité neuronale ou de potentiels d’actions synaptiques spontanés provoqués par une dépolarisation. La photolyse en lumière blanche par pulses courts d’irradiation a permis la libération de substances actives en quantité suffisante pour produire de grands courants (jusqu’à 5 nA) dans les neurones de Purkinje. / Photosensitive molecular probes (‘caged’ compounds) derived from 2-hydroxymethylenedimethylaminoquinoline were prepared and tested for applications in neurophysiology. These compounds show high hydrolytic stability and low fluorescence, with fast fragmentation kinetics upon UV irradiation (365 nm), and under two photon photolysis conditions (730 nm). This platform was optimized by modifying the substitution pattern, increasing the conjugation length and incorporating C2 or S3 symmetry elements. Dipolar, quadrupolar (dimer) and octupolar (trimer) derivatives were thus synthesized and were found exhibiting high two-photon sensitivity ( < 2,50 GM). The most efficient probes were tested in neurophysiological experiments. While kaïnate derivatives are stable in aqueous solution at pH 7.4 in physiological conditions, L-glutamate and GABA derivatives required the use of a carbamate linker. Without irradiation, any major changes were observed on neuron excitability with “stock” solutions of these caged compounds (c = 200-300 µM), according to the lack of effects on neuron activity or action potentials evoked by depolarization. White light photolysis by short pulses generated sufficient active substances to induce large inward currents (up to 5 nA) in Purkinje neurons.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--West Virginia University, 2004. / Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains ix, 148 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 132-148).

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