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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Biomassa microbiana do solo na Amaz?nia, Mata Atl?ntica e Ant?rtica / Soil Microbial Biomass in the Amazon, Atlantic Forest and Antarctica

Loureiro, Diego Campana 22 March 2012 (has links)
Submitted by Celso Magalhaes (celsomagalhaes@ufrrj.br) on 2017-05-05T13:43:03Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2012 - Diego Campana Loureiro.pdf: 6292509 bytes, checksum: 5485d752378d7d1a430cdb431c98ed44 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-05T13:43:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2012 - Diego Campana Loureiro.pdf: 6292509 bytes, checksum: 5485d752378d7d1a430cdb431c98ed44 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-03-22 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES / The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of the plant management and soil vegetation cover in the microbial biomass and labile soil organic matter (SOM) levels, with the possibility of prediction about the fate of soil organic carbon in the Atlantic Forest biome. We studied different crop areas under organic cultivation of vegetables (intensive cultivation, minimum tillage and crop rotation), grazing areas of Paspalum notatum (PAS); remaining fragments of Atlantic Forest (RMA), and degraded soil areas (ADR). Three composite soil samples were collected in each area to a depth of 0-10 cm in a Red Yellow Podzolic soil. In each sample we determined the levels of C and N associated with the SMB, labile C, labile N, free light fraction and intra-aggregate SOM, microbial respiration, microbial quotient and metabolic quotient. It was also determined mineral fractions as sand, silt, and clay, gravimetric moisture content, as well as the chemical attributes (Ca2+, Mg2+, P2O5, K+, organic C, total N, Al3+, CEC and pH in water). The pasture area had the highest accumulation of carbon in the soil microbial biomass (SMB) with 384 mg C kg-1 soil, about 35% above the level seen in the remaining Atlantic Forest fragments, which was attributed to the intense development and cycling of the root system of grasses in the upper soil layer, a horizon with higher concentration of microorganisms. About 2% of total organic C is stored in the SMB in pasture areas. The introduction of agricultural practices in farming system considerably affected the levels of SMB, showing reduction average of 30% compared to the remaining forest fragments. The metabolic quotient (qCO2) indicated losses of soil C for the managed areas with crops, and among the different systems of agriculture, greater losses of C were observed in areas managed with short cycle crops, with frequent use of plowing and harrowing, prompting the search for management systems that minimize soil disturbance and prioritize the maintenance of vegetation cover. The degraded soil area was the environment that contributed the most to the separation of the multivariate groups, showing the area of higher differences for the microbial activity and SOM levels. The attributes with higher importance in the multivariate grouping were clay content and the microbial C/N ratio showing the significance of the use of SMB and soil texture attributes in distinguishing between different crop management systems and soil vegetation cover, showing the prediction potential for the fate of soil organic carbon. / O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar a influ?ncia do manejo fitot?cnico e da cobertura vegetal do solo na biomassa microbiana e fra??es l?beis da mat?ria org?nica do solo (MOS), com a possibilidade de progn?stico sobre o destino do carbono org?nico do solo em um sistema integrado de produ??o agroecol?gica. Foram estudadas diferentes ?reas de lavoura sob cultivo org?nico de hortali?as (cultivo intensivo, cultivo m?nimo e cultivo rotacionado); ?reas de pastagens de Paspalum notatum (PAS); remanescentes florestais da Mata Atl?ntica (RMA); e ?reas degradadas (ADR). Tr?s amostras compostas de solo foram coletadas em cada ?rea a uma profundidade de 0-10 cm em Argissolo Vermelho-Amarelo. Em cada amostra determinou-se os teores de C e N associados ? BMS, C e N l?beis, fra??o leve livre e intra-agregado da MOS, respira??o microbiana, quociente microbiano e quociente metab?lico. Determinaram-se tamb?m as fra??es granulom?tricas areia, silte, argila, umidade gravim?trica, bem como os atributos qu?micos (Ca2+, Mg2+, P2O5, K+, C org?nico, N total, Al3+, CTC e pH em ?gua). A ?rea de pastagem apresentou o maior ac?mulo de carbono da biomassa microbiana do solo (BMS), com 384 mg C kg-1 solo, cerca de 35 % acima dos valores observados nos remanescentes florestais da Mata Atl?ntica, o que foi atribu?do ao intenso desenvolvimento e ciclagem do sistema radicular das gram?neas forrageiras na camada superior do solo, regi?o que ocorre maior concentra??o de microrganismos. Cerca de 2 % do total de Corg org?nico est? estocado na BMS nas ?reas de pastagens. A introdu??o de pr?ticas agr?colas no sistema de lavoura afetou consideravelmente os teores de BMS-C, apresentando redu??o m?dia de 30% com rela??o aos remanescentes florestais. O quociente metab?lico (qCO2) indicou perdas de C do solo para as ?reas manejadas com culturas agr?colas, e dentre os diferentes sistemas de cultivo agr?cola, maiores perdas de C foram observados nas ?reas manejadas com culturas de ciclo curto, com uso freq?ente de ara??o e gradagem, alertando para a procura de sistemas de manejo que minimizem o revolvimento do solo e priorizem a manuten??o da cobertura vegetal. A ?rea degradada foi o ambiente que mais contribuiu para a separa??o dos grupos de an?lise multivariada, mostrando ser a ?rea mais discrepante em rela??o ? atividade microbiana e teores de MOS. As vari?veis com maior peso na forma??o dos agrupamentos foram o teor de argila e a rela??o C/N microbiana, mostrando a import?ncia do uso da BMS e atributos granulom?tricos do solo na distin??o de diferentes sistemas de manejo fitot?cnico e cobertura vegetal do solo, ampliando a possibilidade de progn?stico sobre o destino do carbono org?nico do solo.
2

Atributos químicos e microbiológicos de solo cultivado com cana-de-açúcar sob manejo convencional e orgânico / Chemical and microbiological attributes of soil cultivated with sugar cane under conventional and organic managements

Zorel, Daiane 25 October 2011 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T18:57:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 4140.pdf: 1455295 bytes, checksum: d12f47602a7d5a5650b198ab17cd32a0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-10-25 / The identification of soil quality indicators that demonstrate the alterations occurred in areas under organic management is important to determine the sustainability of this kind of cultivation. The soil microbial biomass and activity have been considered as important indicators of soil quality, especially when different management systems are employed in agroecosystems. In this context, the aim of this work was to evaluate management systems (organic and conventional) of the sugar cane over the soil quality, analyzing the chemical attributes as organic matter, pH, potential acidity, aluminium, magnesium, calcium, potassium, cation-exchange capacity, (CEC), sum of bases (SB), and percent base saturation (%BS), as well as the microbiological attributes as number of fungi and bacteria, microbial biomass carbon (MBC), basal respiration (BR) and metabolic quotient (MQ). The soil analyses were taken in the period comprised between May/2009 and September/2010. Among the chemical parameters that most showed the alterations in soil caused by the management are pH, magnesium concentration, potential acidity, SB and %BS. Higher values obtained with these two last parameters in the organic systems with addition of compost and limestone (SOCA) or compost and corrective, especially, indicate soil fertility. There was no significant difference among the treatments concerning MBC probably because it is an area where only recently the experiments were established. An influence of the sampling period was observed, with high values in the higher rainfall period. Higher values of BR were detected in the organic systems, especially in May and August/2009, which was coincident with the higher rainfall period and temperature. Although no significant difference was verified, the higher values of MQ were verified in the conventional system. Concerning the number of fungi and bacteria, the microbial community seemed to respond better to the climate/rhizosphere than the treatments involving the different management systems. Among the parameters studied, the BR was the most effective parameter to detect changes that occur in the soil due to the management system, showing that the organic system altered the soil quality, which reflected in the microbial activity. / A identificação de indicadores de qualidade de solo que demonstrem as alterações ocorridas em áreas agrícolas é importante para determinar a sustentabilidade do sistema de cultivo. A biomassa e a atividade microbiana do solo têm sido apontadas como importantes indicadores de qualidade do solo, especialmente quando se avalia o efeito de diferentes sistemas de manejo em agroecossistemas. Neste contexto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de sistemas de manejo (orgânico e convencional) da cana-de-açúcar sobre a qualidade do solo, analisando-se os atributos químicos como matéria orgânica, pH, acidez potencial, alumínio, magnésio, cálcio, potássio, capacidade de troca catiônica (CTC), soma de bases (SB), porcentagem por saturação de bases, (V %); e microbiológicos como número de bactérias e fungos, carbono da biomassa microbiana (CBM), respiração basal (RB) e quociente metabólico (qCO2). As análises de solo foram realizadas no período compreendido entre Maio/2009 a Setembro/2010. Entre os parâmetros químicos que mais mostraram as alterações no solo provocadas pelo manejo estão o pH, teor de magnésio, acidez potencial, SB e V%. Valores mais elevados obtidos com estes dois últimos parâmetros nos sistemas orgânicos com adição de composto e calcário (SOCA) ou composto e corretivo (SOCO), especialmente, indicam fertilidade do solo. Não houve diferença significativa entre os tratamentos quanto ao CBM provavelmente por ser área recém implantada. Houve influência da época de amostragem, observando-se valores mais altos na época de maior pluviosidade. Valores superiores de RB foram detectados nos sistemas orgânicos, especialmente em Maio e Agosto/2009, coincidente com períodos de maior pluviosidade e temperatura. Embora não tenha sido observada diferença significativa, os maiores valores de qCO2 foram verificados no sistema convencional. Em termos de contagem de fungos e bactérias, a biota microbiana do solo pareceu responder mais ao clima/rizosfera que aos tratamentos envolvendo os sistemas orgânico e convencional. Dentre os parâmetros estudados e no período de tempo analisado, a respiração basal foi o parâmetro mais efetivo para detectar mudanças que ocorreram no solo devido ao sistema de manejo, mostrando que o sistema orgânico alterou a qualidade do solo, refletindo na atividade microbiana.

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