BACKGROUND: Somatoform symptoms are frequent and are associated with mental distress in several settings and in the general population. Many of these interactions are not well understood or not understood at all. OBJECTIVE AND METHODS: Based on bibliographical research, to investigate: a) the history of somatization-related illnesses; b) its many categories according to contemporary psychiatric and non-psychiatric concepts (somatoform disorders, dissociative-conversive disorders, chronic fatigue syndrome, fibromyalgia, irritable bowel syndrome etc.); c) associated factors and etiological hypothesis for these phenomena. Using data available from the University of São Paulo Institute of Psychiatry Epidemiologic Catchment Area Study (Andrade et al., 1994) - a cross-sectional survey of physical and psychiatric morbidity which interviewed a representative sample of São Paulo city boroughs of Vila Madalena and Jardim América - to explore the prevalence and classification of reported physical symptoms in general, and specifically those which are medically unexplained (MU). To appraise, using logistic regression, the following associations: a) somatoform syndromes and demographic variables; b) somatoform syndromes and use of medication and health services; c) MU symptom and any type (AT) of symptom with demographic variables; and d) MU and AT physical symptoms with mental disorders. To probe, through latent class analysis of yes or no answers for 36 MU physical symptoms: grouping of subjects in classes (cluster analysis); and b) grouping of symptoms in dimensions (factor analysis). One-thousand, four-hundred and sixty-four interviews were performed using the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI), structured diagnostic interview for mental disorders, including somatoform and dissociative disorders; and a form of demographic variables, chronic physical diseases, use of medical and psychological services and medication intake. RESULTS: No association between somatoform syndromes and demographic variables. Association between somatoform syndromes and increased use of services and medication intake. Association between demographic variables and certain MU/AT symptoms. Physical symptoms AT/MU are associated with mental disorders, in general. Some physical symptoms (fainting, dyspnea, chest pain, arm or leg pain, tingling, heavy menses, muscle weakness, lump in throat, polyuria, palpitations and dizziness) are associated with many of the studied mental disorders. Subjects were clustered into two classes, with low and high symptom scoring; the high scoring class was associated with physical diseases, mental disorders, use of health services and medication intake. Symptoms were grouped into one single factor, pointing to the existence of a somatization dimension in the general population.

O objetivo deste trabalho é apresentar o banco de dados relacional, denominado FALCAO, que foi criado e implementado com a função de armazenar as variáveis monitoradas no reator de pesquisa IEA-R1, localizado no Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares, IPEN CNEN/SP. O modelo lógico de dados e sua influência direta na integridade da informação fornecida são cuidadosamente considerados. São apresentados os conceitos e etapas de normalização e desnormalização, incluindo as entidades e relacionamentos do modelo lógico de dados. São também apresentadas as influências dos relacionamentos e regras do modelo de dados nos processos de aquisição, carga e disponibilização da informação final, sob a óptica do desempenho, visto que estes processos ocorrem em lotes e em pequenos intervalos de tempo. A aplicação SACD, através de suas funcionalidades, apresenta as informações armazenadas no banco FALCAO de maneira prática e otimizada. A implementação do banco de dados FALCAO ocorreu com o êxito esperado, mostrando-se indispensável ao cotidiano dos pesquisadores envolvidos por conta da substancial melhoria dos processos e da confiabilidade associada a estes. / The objective of this work is to present the relational database, named FALCAO. It was created and implemented to support the storaging of the monitored variables in the IEA-R1 research reactor, located in the Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares, IPEN CNEN/SP. The data logical model and its direct influence in the integrity of the provided information are carefully considered. The concepts and steps of normalization and denormalization including the entities and relations involved in the logical model are presented. It is also presented the effects of the model rules in the acquisition, loading and availability of the final information, under the performance concept since the acquisition process loads and provides lots of information in small intervals of time. The SACD application, through its functionalities, presents the information stored in the FALCAO database in a practical and optimized form. The implementation of the FALCAO database occurred successfully and its existence leads to a considerably favorable situation. It is now essential to the routine of the researchers involved, not only due to the substantial improvement of the process but also to the confiability associated to it.

O objetivo deste trabalho é apresentar o banco de dados relacional, denominado FALCAO, que foi criado e implementado com a função de armazenar as variáveis monitoradas no reator de pesquisa IEA-R1, localizado no Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares, IPEN CNEN/SP. O modelo lógico de dados e sua influência direta na integridade da informação fornecida são cuidadosamente considerados. São apresentados os conceitos e etapas de normalização e desnormalização, incluindo as entidades e relacionamentos do modelo lógico de dados. São também apresentadas as influências dos relacionamentos e regras do modelo de dados nos processos de aquisição, carga e disponibilização da informação final, sob a óptica do desempenho, visto que estes processos ocorrem em lotes e em pequenos intervalos de tempo. A aplicação SACD, através de suas funcionalidades, apresenta as informações armazenadas no banco FALCAO de maneira prática e otimizada. A implementação do banco de dados FALCAO ocorreu com o êxito esperado, mostrando-se indispensável ao cotidiano dos pesquisadores envolvidos por conta da substancial melhoria dos processos e da confiabilidade associada a estes. / The objective of this work is to present the relational database, named FALCAO. It was created and implemented to support the storaging of the monitored variables in the IEA-R1 research reactor, located in the Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares, IPEN CNEN/SP. The data logical model and its direct influence in the integrity of the provided information are carefully considered. The concepts and steps of normalization and denormalization including the entities and relations involved in the logical model are presented. It is also presented the effects of the model rules in the acquisition, loading and availability of the final information, under the performance concept since the acquisition process loads and provides lots of information in small intervals of time. The SACD application, through its functionalities, presents the information stored in the FALCAO database in a practical and optimized form. The implementation of the FALCAO database occurred successfully and its existence leads to a considerably favorable situation. It is now essential to the routine of the researchers involved, not only due to the substantial improvement of the process but also to the confiability associated to it.

Canalization, the stability of phenotypes in the presence of a specific genotype and environment is important for trait selection and understanding gene expression pathways. The goal of this study was to investigate mechanisms involved in the loss of canalization at the maize r1 locus. A specific lightly colored R-sc derivative, R-sc:86-17(L), was mutagenized with ethyl methyl sulfonate (EMS), and the progeny screened for restoration of dark seed color and canalization. Putative revertants/mutants were mapped relative to the r1 locus, tested for complementation to each other to identify a minimum number of genes involved in canalization, tested for cis silencing of the r1 gene Lc, analyzed to determine the genetic basis for loss of canalization and r1 gene expression, analyzed for changes in molecular structure at the r1 locus, and analyzed for changes in cytosine methylation patterns. At least two complementation groups were found to be responsible for increased seed color, one at or near r1 and one elsewhere in the genome. Phenotypic analysis revealed highly variable kernel pigmentation, possible incomplete penetrance and a novel class termed Nc enhancers. Nc enhancers were characterized by light to heavy mottling. Southern blot hybridization analysis demonstrated that 19 out of 20 putative EMS-induced mutants were unchanged in the molecular structure of genes Sc‖nc1, Nc2, and Nc3. One mutant resulted in the loss of one of the Nc genes. The loss of Lc expression was found to be rare in R-sc:86-17(L) Lc, and restoration of seed color in R-sc:86-17(L)/P heterozygotes was found to have resulted from recombination between Sc‖nc1 and P with loss of Nc2 and Nc3. Analysis of cytosine methylation patterns revealed low levels of methylation in the 5’ region of Sc and high levels in the 5’ region of the Nc genes and in the 3’ ends of Sc‖nc1, Nc2 and Nc3 in the homozygous putative EMS-induced mutants as previously found for R-sc:86-17(L). Four out of the twenty EMS-induced mutants tested displayed altered methylation patterns, with changes at both the 5’ and 3’ regions of the r1 genes. These findings suggest that the genes or elements involved in the canalization and/or restoration of seed color of R-sc are located at the r1 locus, at the 3’ end of the Sc gene and that at least one additional site in the genome is involved in seed color expression of r1.

No description available.

O TNF atua diretamente sobre a pineal inibindo a via biossintética da melatonina. De forma semelhante o LPS, potente ativador da resposta imune inata, tem efeito inibitório sobre a produção de melatonina e seu precursor. A supressão da síntese noturna de melatonina é admitida de forma a permitir a montagem da resposta inflamatória, tanto durante o dia como à noite. Dados do grupo tem demonstrado que o NFKB é um fator constitutivamente expresso na glândula pineal e que o ritmo diário de translocação pode ser determinante para o início da síntese de melatonina. A inibição de sua ativação potencia a síntese de melatonina enquanto que fatores que classicamente promovem a sua ativação inibem esta produção. Nesta dissertação, verificamos as moléculas envolvidas no reconhecimento e na de sinalização desta citocina na pineal. Demonstramos que a pineal está apta a responder ao TNF, células gliais da pineal e as células secretoras, os pinealócitos, expressam constitutivamente o receptor TNF-R1. O TNF promove a translocação nuclear dos dímeros p50/p50 e p50/RelA do NFKB em glândulas pineais em cultura. Confirmamos a ativação desta via em pinealócitos pela análise da proteína inibitória IKB. Vimos que a ativação desse fator é essencial para expressão da iNOS e a produção de NO induzida por TNF em pinealócitos isolados. Além disso, mostramos que o TNF promove a redução da expressão do receptor TNF-R1 na membrana de pinealócitos. Em resumo, mostramos neste trabalho que a pineal está instrumentalizada a responder ao TNF, e que os pinealócitos são alvos diretos para o seu reconhecimento. Confirmamos a relevância do fator NFKB na resposta da pineal em situações de injúria, ampliando o conceito de que a pineal está apta a detectar moléculas do processo inflamatório. / TNF acts directly on the pineal gland by inhibiting the biosynthesis of melatonin. Similarly, LPS, a potent activator of the innate immune response has an inhibitory effect on the production of melatonin and its precursor. The suppression of nocturnal melatonin synthesis is admitted to allow the full mounting of the inflammatory response both during the day and night. Data from our laboratory have shown that the NFKB is constitutively expressed in the pineal gland and that the daily rate of translocation can be determinant for the onset of melatonin synthesis. Inhibition of their activation potentiates melatonin synthesis whereas factors that promote its activation classically inhibit this production. In this dissertation we find the molecules involved in recognition and signaling of this cytokine in the pineal. We demonstrated that the pineal is responsive to TNF, the pineal glial cells and secretory cells, the pinealocytes, constitutively express the TNF-R1. TNF promotes nuclear translocation of p50/RelA and p50/p50 NFKB dimers in the pineal glands in culture. We confirmed the activation of this pathway in pinealocytes by analyzing the inhibitory protein IKB. We have seen that the activation of this factor is essential for iNOS expression and NO production induced by TNF in isolated pinealocytes. Furthermore we show that TNF promotes the reduction of the expression of TNF-R1 receptor on the membrane of pinealocytes. In summary, we show here that the pineal is instrumented to respond to TNF and that the pinealocytes are direct targets for its recognition. We confirm the relevance of NFKB in the pineal response in situations of injury extending the concept that the pineal is able to detect molecules in the inflammatory process and respond accordingly.

O TNF atua diretamente sobre a pineal inibindo a via biossintética da melatonina. De forma semelhante o LPS, potente ativador da resposta imune inata, tem efeito inibitório sobre a produção de melatonina e seu precursor. A supressão da síntese noturna de melatonina é admitida de forma a permitir a montagem da resposta inflamatória, tanto durante o dia como à noite. Dados do grupo tem demonstrado que o NFKB é um fator constitutivamente expresso na glândula pineal e que o ritmo diário de translocação pode ser determinante para o início da síntese de melatonina. A inibição de sua ativação potencia a síntese de melatonina enquanto que fatores que classicamente promovem a sua ativação inibem esta produção. Nesta dissertação, verificamos as moléculas envolvidas no reconhecimento e na de sinalização desta citocina na pineal. Demonstramos que a pineal está apta a responder ao TNF, células gliais da pineal e as células secretoras, os pinealócitos, expressam constitutivamente o receptor TNF-R1. O TNF promove a translocação nuclear dos dímeros p50/p50 e p50/RelA do NFKB em glândulas pineais em cultura. Confirmamos a ativação desta via em pinealócitos pela análise da proteína inibitória IKB. Vimos que a ativação desse fator é essencial para expressão da iNOS e a produção de NO induzida por TNF em pinealócitos isolados. Além disso, mostramos que o TNF promove a redução da expressão do receptor TNF-R1 na membrana de pinealócitos. Em resumo, mostramos neste trabalho que a pineal está instrumentalizada a responder ao TNF, e que os pinealócitos são alvos diretos para o seu reconhecimento. Confirmamos a relevância do fator NFKB na resposta da pineal em situações de injúria, ampliando o conceito de que a pineal está apta a detectar moléculas do processo inflamatório. / TNF acts directly on the pineal gland by inhibiting the biosynthesis of melatonin. Similarly, LPS, a potent activator of the innate immune response has an inhibitory effect on the production of melatonin and its precursor. The suppression of nocturnal melatonin synthesis is admitted to allow the full mounting of the inflammatory response both during the day and night. Data from our laboratory have shown that the NFKB is constitutively expressed in the pineal gland and that the daily rate of translocation can be determinant for the onset of melatonin synthesis. Inhibition of their activation potentiates melatonin synthesis whereas factors that promote its activation classically inhibit this production. In this dissertation we find the molecules involved in recognition and signaling of this cytokine in the pineal. We demonstrated that the pineal is responsive to TNF, the pineal glial cells and secretory cells, the pinealocytes, constitutively express the TNF-R1. TNF promotes nuclear translocation of p50/RelA and p50/p50 NFKB dimers in the pineal glands in culture. We confirmed the activation of this pathway in pinealocytes by analyzing the inhibitory protein IKB. We have seen that the activation of this factor is essential for iNOS expression and NO production induced by TNF in isolated pinealocytes. Furthermore we show that TNF promotes the reduction of the expression of TNF-R1 receptor on the membrane of pinealocytes. In summary, we show here that the pineal is instrumented to respond to TNF and that the pinealocytes are direct targets for its recognition. We confirm the relevance of NFKB in the pineal response in situations of injury extending the concept that the pineal is able to detect molecules in the inflammatory process and respond accordingly.

O presente estudo foi realizado para verificar a possibilidade de redução do núcleo do reator IEA-R1 do IPEN/CNEN-SP. Cálculos neutrônicos foram desenvolvidos para um conjunto de novas configurações para que, a posteriori, a análise termo-hidráulica e de segurança pudessem ser realizadas. As novas configurações analisadas são menores por diversos motivos, como obter uma melhor utilização do combustível, melhor distribuição dos fluxos de nêutrons, dentre outros. Para que se possa atingir tais configurações, a densidade de Urânio no combustível deve ser aumentada. Neste estudo, combustíveis de U3Si2-Al com 4,8gU/cm3 foram testados e novos núcleos para o reator IEA-R1 foram propostos e discutidos. A análise neutrônica não impõe restrições aos núcleos estudados. A análise termohidráulica mostrou que as margens de segurança e os perfis de temperatura ao longo das placas combustíveis não excedem os limites de projeto. Os coeficientes de temperatura obtidos para os novos núcleos, no caso isotérmico, são todos negativos, conforme desejado. A queima mostrou que núcleos supercompactos não apresentam excesso de reatividade suficiente para o funcionamento dos mesmo, ao se utilizar combustíveis com 4,8gU/cm3. Um APR (Acidente de Perda de Refrigerante) foi simulado para os núcleos remanescentes. A ruptura da fronteira do primário se mostrou o acidente mais crítico, devido ao curto tempo para o esvaziamento completo da piscina do reator. As temperaturas atingidas após o descobrimento foram calculadas e não excedem aquelas cujos valores propiciam empolamento nas placas combustíveis (475 °! a 550 °!), uma vez que se obedeça os tempos de esvaziamento seguro da piscina para as novas configurações. / This study was performed considering prospective candidates for the IPEN/CNEN-SP IEA-R1 research reactor core. Some neutronic calculations were developed for a set of new core configurations to push forward the thermal-hydraulic and safety analysis. The new core configurations will be smaller for several reasons (e.g., better fuel utilization, neutron fluxes and so on). To achieve such smaller arrangements, the U-fuel density has to be increased. In the current study, configurations with 4.8gU/cm3 U3Si2- Al fuels were tested using the software MCNP and a set of new core configurations for the IPEN/CNEN-SP IEA-R1 research reactor has been presented and discussed. The Neutronic analysis imposes no restrictions on the new cores. The Thermal- Hydraulic (TH) analysis showed that the safety margins and the temperature profile through the fuel plate dont exceed the design limits. The isothermal temperature coefficients were calculated being all negative, as desired. The burnup concludes that super compact cores dont have enough excess reactivity to keep the reactor working with 4.8gU/cm3 U3Si2-Al fuels. A LOCA (Loss of Cooling Accident) was simulated for the remaining cores. The border rupture of the primary system was the most critical accident, due to the short time for the complete emptying of the reactor pool. The temperatures reached after this accident were calculated and dont exceed the fuel plates limits (475 °C - 550 °C), once the time for safe emptying are taken into account for the IEA-R1 pool.

O presente estudo foi realizado para verificar a possibilidade de redução do núcleo do reator IEA-R1 do IPEN/CNEN-SP. Cálculos neutrônicos foram desenvolvidos para um conjunto de novas configurações para que, a posteriori, a análise termo-hidráulica e de segurança pudessem ser realizadas. As novas configurações analisadas são menores por diversos motivos, como obter uma melhor utilização do combustível, melhor distribuição dos fluxos de nêutrons, dentre outros. Para que se possa atingir tais configurações, a densidade de Urânio no combustível deve ser aumentada. Neste estudo, combustíveis de U3Si2-Al com 4,8gU/cm3 foram testados e novos núcleos para o reator IEA-R1 foram propostos e discutidos. A análise neutrônica não impõe restrições aos núcleos estudados. A análise termohidráulica mostrou que as margens de segurança e os perfis de temperatura ao longo das placas combustíveis não excedem os limites de projeto. Os coeficientes de temperatura obtidos para os novos núcleos, no caso isotérmico, são todos negativos, conforme desejado. A queima mostrou que núcleos supercompactos não apresentam excesso de reatividade suficiente para o funcionamento dos mesmo, ao se utilizar combustíveis com 4,8gU/cm3. Um APR (Acidente de Perda de Refrigerante) foi simulado para os núcleos remanescentes. A ruptura da fronteira do primário se mostrou o acidente mais crítico, devido ao curto tempo para o esvaziamento completo da piscina do reator. As temperaturas atingidas após o descobrimento foram calculadas e não excedem aquelas cujos valores propiciam empolamento nas placas combustíveis (475 °! a 550 °!), uma vez que se obedeça os tempos de esvaziamento seguro da piscina para as novas configurações. / This study was performed considering prospective candidates for the IPEN/CNEN-SP IEA-R1 research reactor core. Some neutronic calculations were developed for a set of new core configurations to push forward the thermal-hydraulic and safety analysis. The new core configurations will be smaller for several reasons (e.g., better fuel utilization, neutron fluxes and so on). To achieve such smaller arrangements, the U-fuel density has to be increased. In the current study, configurations with 4.8gU/cm3 U3Si2- Al fuels were tested using the software MCNP and a set of new core configurations for the IPEN/CNEN-SP IEA-R1 research reactor has been presented and discussed. The Neutronic analysis imposes no restrictions on the new cores. The Thermal- Hydraulic (TH) analysis showed that the safety margins and the temperature profile through the fuel plate dont exceed the design limits. The isothermal temperature coefficients were calculated being all negative, as desired. The burnup concludes that super compact cores dont have enough excess reactivity to keep the reactor working with 4.8gU/cm3 U3Si2-Al fuels. A LOCA (Loss of Cooling Accident) was simulated for the remaining cores. The border rupture of the primary system was the most critical accident, due to the short time for the complete emptying of the reactor pool. The temperatures reached after this accident were calculated and dont exceed the fuel plates limits (475 °C - 550 °C), once the time for safe emptying are taken into account for the IEA-R1 pool.

The dissertation be about use the opportunity of 3D modelling geological settings for definitions engineering geology zoning. The model area represents the map sheet 6 - 8 Kralupy nad Vltavou in scale 1:5 000, which is built by rocks (pre-Quaternary) and soils (Quaternary cover) divided into eleven engineering geology zones. The results of modelling are showing at the map appendices, which are engineering maps all of nine the individual roof (surface) of zones, including the 3D section in the direction of x axis and also five of the 2D maps of roof of selected zones with the 3D schematic models. The integral part is the map of documentation points and their database on DVD. Three dimensional modelling presents a benefit mainly therefore the solutions, where are visible the spatial geological settings including the thickness individual layers, respectively zones. These display options can have practically used at designing underground buildings, e.g. tunnels, where would it mean shortening time the preparation of the project. Modelling of the zones also shown a possibility of distinction the mistakes at some archive hole. For example, the mistakes in descriptions can relate to confusion of Neogene's sand layer for Quaternary's sand. In the description of new geological survey, when using appendix no....