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In all theology, there are expressions of soteriological ideas whether they are intended to discuss soteriology or not. In this essay, a content-based idea analysis is conducted on the soteriological ideas expressed in the bishops' letters Livets början och livets slut, Leva i dopet, Fira nattvard and Biskopsbrev om begravning focusing on what the salvation is from, through, to, and who is saved. A discussion is then held on how these soteriological ideas relate to each other to show, with the help of the normative position the bishops' letters have in the Church of Sweden, what soteriology is expressed in the everyday practice of the Church of Sweden. My research shows that there is a wide range of soteriological ideas in the bishops' letters despite their intention to address another theme. This wide range of soteriological ideas indicates not a single concept of salvation but a large number of different ideas about salvation given to humanity through sacraments, faith, the relationship with God, and through other human beings. These different concepts of salvation occur here and now in worldly life on earth but are simultaneously not yet complete. They are part of God's great plan of salvation and will only be fully realized at the resurrection of the dead when salvation becomes total.

The purpose of this essay is to study the collapse of the regime in Afghanistan in August 2021 and the subsequent takeover by the Taliban. The research question was the following: What were the contributing factors that led to the downfall of the Afghan regime and the subsequent takeover by the Taliban? This was done through a literature study where documents, reports, and secondary interviews were collected. The results showed that the regime collapsed through several incidents and reasons. The main reasons were the agreement between the US and the Taliban in 2020 which resulted in the withdrawal of American troops. Also, the Af- ghan forces lacked moral, and the regime itself had problems with, corruption, poverty, and maintaining its basic tasks.

Religionskunskap är ett ämne som genom åren genomgått en mängd olika reformer, från kristendomsundervisning till ett bredare synfält som främjar mångfald. Ämnet är idag så brett att det avhandlar mer än fakta om olika religioner, det behandlar även politiska-, etiska- och identitetsfrågor. Det hjälper oss att förstå hur religionen spelar en roll i samhället och hur den formar människors värderingar. Ämnets grundtanke är att vi skall skapa förståelse om varandras olikheter och lära oss att respektera varandra. I takt med att mångfalden i vårt samhälle växer så ökar också antalet mångkulturella klassrum i dagens skola vilket kan tendera att bli en utmaning för lärare som inte vet hur de skall hantera de konflikter som kan uppstå när kulturer och traditioner krockar. Syftet med denna litteraturstudie är att ta reda på vilka svårigheter och möjligheter som lärare inom religionskunskap stöter på i det mångkulturella klassrummet och hur de bemöter och hanterar dessa. Genom sökningar i databasen Primo har artiklar sökts fram och analyserats systematiskt. Urvalet har resulterat i tio vetenskapliga texter som gett ett resultat som speglar att skolan har svårt att hantera svårigheter och att ta vara på möjligheter inom undervisningen. Ett område som kom fram i analysen var diskussionen om kontroversiella frågor som många lärare har svårt hantera på sätt som leder till lärandetillfällen. / Religious studies are a subject that has undergone a variety of reforms over the years, from Christian education to a broader field of vision that promotes diversity. Today, the subject is so broad that it deals with more than facts about different religions, it also deals with political, ethical and identity issues. The teaching of religion aims at helping us understand how religion plays a role in society and how it shapes people's values. The subject helps us to create an understanding of each other's differences and teaches us to respect one another. As the diversity of our society grows, so does the number of multicultural classrooms in today's schools, which can tend to be a challenge for teachers who do not know how to handle the conflicts that can arise when cultures and traditions collide. The purpose of this literature review is to find out what difficulties and opportunities teachers in religious education encounter in the multicultural classroom and how they approach and handle them. Primo has been the database for searches of articles which have been systematically analyzed. The selection resulted in ten scientific texts that gave a result which reflects that the school has a problem dealing with difficulties and taking advantage of opportunities in the teaching of religion. One area that emerged in the analysis was the discussion of controversial issues that many teachers find difficult to deal with in ways that lead to learning opportunities.

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There is heightened need for awareness of spiritual care in nursing. The need for spiritual care is recognized in nursing literature, NANDA, JCAHO, and other nursing organizations. However, research studies with cancer patients and hospice patients indicate that nurses are reluctant to provide spiritual care for their patients. The purpose of this research study is to describe the current spiritual care beliefs and practices of nurses in general practice. In this descriptive study, the following research questions were answered: (1) what are the spiritual care practices of nurses? (2) how frequently are nurses involved in spiritual care interventions? (3) what is the meaning of spiritual care to nurses?, and ( 4) what are nurses' attitudes and beliefs about spirituality and religion? The Spiritual Care Perspectives Scale (SCPS) and the Information About You questionnaires by Taylor, Highfield, and Amenta were utilized in this research. From a population of approximately 300 nurses working in a religious hospital in the southeastern United States, a convenience sample of 100 nurses participated in the study. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and content analysis of the qualitative data obtained in the short answer, open-ended questions. Results indicated that the spiritual care practices of nurses include: making referrals to chaplains, listening to patients, praying for patients, and facilitating religious rituals. Nurses are frequently involved in spiritual care interventions through prayer. In conclusion, this study of spiritual care beliefs and practices of nurses showed that nurses provide spiritual care in a variety of nursing practice settings in the response to the needs of their patients.

This research will assess religious prejudice among several religious groups (Christians, Jews, Muslims, and Non-Believers) toward one another in addition to assessing underlying attitudes such as openness to contact with diverse others, self- acceptance, empathy, right-wing authoritarianism, and social dominance orientation. It is hypothesized that attitudes such as openness to contact, self-acceptance, and empathy will correlate and have a lower correlation with religious prejudice; while right-wing authoritarianism and social dominance orientation will correlate and have a higher correlation with religious prejudice. In addition, prejudice among all groups is to be expected. The aim of this descriptive study is to reveal a general prejudice level of religious groups, prejudicial attitudes of one's group toward an out-group, and the extent to which a group feels they have experienced prejudice.

This thesis seeks to investigate the conflict between the parent’s right to religious freedom versus the child’s right to religious freedom and bodily integrity in regards to male circumcision/male genital mutilation (henceforth referred to as male foreskin removal). There are several challenges with the definition, interpretation, religious significance and the child’s right in regards to male foreskin removal, and these challenges will be key to the central argument of this thesis. A research question has been formulated along with four operative questions to better enable me to engage with the challenges mentioned above. The thesis unfolds into an analysis, connecting all aspects together to highlight the conflict with the child in focus. Although this thesis has been structured as an explorative study, which seeks neither to argue for or against the act of male foreskin removal, the child’s right and involvement in this conflict will be given particular attention with emphasis put on the convention on the right of the child (CRC).   The research question focuses on unravelling the problematic aspects of referring to the practice as male circumcision and as male genital mutilation, and to better understand why there are complexities with both terms, this thesis will make connections between religious identity and the child as a right’s bearer. At the beginning of this thesis, it is made clear that referring to the removal of male foreskin as male genital mutilation from a religious perspective is considered unfitting and problematic, as it disregards the significance it bears to a person’s relationship with God. On the other hand, normalising this practice by referring to it as circumcision suggests that the practice is not taken into consideration as a serious child’s rights violation, thus becoming problematic from a human rights perspective.   To summarise, the CRC puts great importance on the protection of children from harmful practices, whether these be culturally or religiously significant, and aspires to allow children the freedom to their own religion, bodily and spiritual integrity. That they may partake in any decision involving their body parts. The thesis does not argue against male foreskin removal, but more so, establishes that the CRC has been put forth to recognise children as autonomous beings and as right’s bearers. This thesis further concludes that the reason why this conflict is highly contested, is due to the fact that the practice of male foreskin removal bares significant meaning to a person’s religious identity, their belonging to their religious community as well as to their relationship with God. Putting restrictions on the manifestation of this religious practice may hinder the child from creating their religious purpose as commanded per the Jewish and Islamic scriptures.

Through a lens of critical discourse analysis and van Leeuwen's categories, this study examines IS-K's discourse, revealing prevalent themes of inclusion/exclusion, personalization/impersonalization, and individualization/assimilation. It explores how IS-K constructs a distinct identity, securitizes perceived threats, and justifies violence as a response. Drawing from ontological security theory, the analysis emphasizes IS-K's pursuit of stability and identity amidst threats and anxiety. IS-K's discourse employs linguistic mechanisms to delineate supporters and enemies, personalizing its members while often dehumanizing adversaries. Furthermore, it balances individualization with assimilation, highlighting both the agency of its members and their collective identity. Ultimately, IS-K's discourse functions as a tool for emotional governance, crafting a narrative of perpetual struggle and presenting violence as the solution to existential threats, which makes the collective identity dependent on a continuation of the conflict. The conclusion underscores the importance of understanding ontological security dynamics in extremist propaganda, suggesting avenues for future research such as the reception of IS-K's discourse, counter-narratives efficacy, and the role of digital platforms in extremist recruitment. This understanding is crucial for developing effective strategies to counter extremist propaganda and mitigate its influence on vulnerable populations.

The purpose of this essay is to explore how the supportership of six different soccer supporters can relate to the French sociologist Émile Durkheim's view of religion. Statistics show how students with a non-religious background tend to be less interested in religious education than students with a religious background. The purpose is therefore also to see if it is possible to compare the supportership around football with a religious practice, that could be used as an interesting and alternative definition of religion in religious studies education. Research has shown that links between football and religion could be made in relation to European clubs and that groups in general tend to engage in ritual acts to maintain community. Six supporters who are supporters of a club in Sweden's highest and second highest divisions were interviewed. The essay used Émile Durkheim's view of religion as a theoretical frame of reference. Four themes that variously capture Durkheim's view of religion were formulated. These themes were used to analyze and categorize the supporters' stories. The result shows that the supporter's relationship to the club and to the other supporter around the club is both significant and strong and can be compared to Durkheim's view of religious practice. The result has the potential to be used in religious education, to open alternative ways of looking at religion or as a basis for discussion.