Juvenile sockeye, coho, and chum salmon and adult goldfish were studied for a period of ten weeks to determine whether varying degrees of salinity influenced their growth. The possible influences of such factors as temperature and food were rigidly controlled. Coho and chum salmon showed higher percent weight increase in the saline media. Coho grew best in 12% salinity and chum had a higher percent increase in weight in 30% salinity. The growth of sockeye in the saline medium was retarded for the first eight weeks, but during the last two weeks it surpassed that of the corresponding group of sockeye in fresh water. The early retardation in growth of sockeye, in the saline medium, is attributed to its longer fresh water life. The adult goldfish did not show any significant difference in weight increase. The records of the sizes attained by several species of fish inhabiting both sea and fresh waters show that salinity enhances growth. The evidence from experimental study, by other workers, on the influence of different environmental factors on growth of fishes, indicates that changes in meristic counts or body proportions, in early development, produces different growth rates. These changes could eventually affect the ultimate size. The physiological mechanisms of growth of fishes are not well understood, but it has been suggested that the influence of hormones on growth is probably ameliorated in the marine environment. / Science, Faculty of / Zoology, Department of / Graduate

Spiral grain in timber may cause severe twisting of lumber and plywood. In the primary forest products industries the presence of spiral grain in the tree results in cross-grained products. Cross grain affects the strength properties of lumber to a marked degree. Thus a grain deviation of 1 In 25 (2°18') results in decreased tensile strength whereas a slope of 1 in 10 (5°43') will reduce compression strength. Spiral grain is a condition well known to the wood technologist and the silviculturalist. Until recently it was considered the exception rather than the rule. From recently published papers, however, and from unpublished data available to the author, strong evidence has been produced to show that spiral grain is the normal growth pattern in trees. This thesis is designed to investigate the spiral pattern of second-growth Douglas fir and western hemlock. Accordingly three sites were chosen: a good, a medium and a low site in a typical British Columbia coastal forest of second growth. Two crown classes for each species were sampled from each site and three trees in each crown class for each species were felled and their spiral patterns investigated. A general trend of spirality was established, the twist being initially left (at first), decreasing to the left and becoming right with increasing age. This pattern holds good for both species. The effect of site on spiral development was established as highly significant with both species. On high quality sites the chief factor influencing spiral development was found to be distance from the pith. On sites of lower quality, age from the pith was found to have the most significant influence on spiral development. / Forestry, Faculty of / Graduate

The trends in the growth of research activity in American industry between 1860 and 1940 are analyzed. The economic, educational, and technological factors within the United States which served to assist the development of research activity are considered. Statistical data based on reports of the Work Projects Administration, National Research Project, and the National Resources Planning Board are employed to indicate the growth in research employment; the concentration of research employment in the larger size laboratories and in particular industries. An approximate indication of industrial research expenditures between 1920 and 1940 and the relation of research expenditures to sales, value added by manufacture, and capitalization are provided. The trends in capital formation and productivity, particularly since 1920, are given. A mathematical analysis for determining the economic life of capital equipment is provided together with an appraisal of the pertinent economic factors involved in the replacement of capital equipment and in large capital investments. The effect of technological progress on the cost and demand schedules of a firm "is analyzed with the tools of analysis developed by Chamberlin and Robinson. Patents as instruments of monopoly control are discussed and the implications of patent policies practised by certain industries to-day are indicated. The thesis concludes Toy pointing out the twofold responsibility of industrial management in maintaining the confidence of investors and in bringing the benefits of research to the whole community. / Arts, Faculty of / Sociology, Department of / Graduate

Previous research has revealed a relationship between research department structure and scientist research output. Investigators have drawn on the findings of this research to make recommendations to research directors and administrators regarding the type of structure necessary to maintain high levels of scientist research output. Since the recommendations were made to research directors and administrators in general, the implication is that one type of research department structure should be utilized in all types of organizations. This, in turn, implies that the relationship between structure and output is constant across organization types. Consideration of the goals and operating conditions in different types of organizations suggests that some organizations would tend to place greater structural constraints on scientists than others. In other words, differences in goals and conditions of operation make it almost impossible for research departments in different types of organizations to be structured the same way. If this is the case, the hypothesis that follows inevitably is that some types of organizations cannot have the one best structure and must suffer losses in research output. An examination of some original research, however, reveals that the responding scientists were employed in a variety of organization types. Moreover, the investigators made no attempt to examine the relationships between structure and research output on an organization type-by-type basis. There remains then, an equally plausible hypothesis, that scientists in different types of organizations accept the existing structure and that no basic incompatibility exists. This implies that the relationship between structure and research output is not constant across organization types, but varies from type to type. The problem of this study, therefore, was to determine whether or not the relationships between research department structure and research output was constant across organization types. The main hypothesis tested was: "The relationship between research department structure and research output varies across organization types." Implicit in this hypothesis were two prior hypotheses. 1. There is a relationship between research department structure and research output. 2. Research departments in different types of parent organizations are structured differently. Also implicit in the main hypothesis was a type of summary hypothesis, which properly followed the main hypothesis. 3. Relationships between research output and structure found in combined organization samples are different than relationships found in separate organization samples. These general hypotheses were tested by examining information obtained from testing related specific hypotheses. The data necessary for the testing of the specific hypotheses was obtained from questionnaire responses provided by scientists from four types of organizations—business, government, social development, and university—who were mailed questionnaires in order to obtain measures of reported research output, and perceptions of research department structure. 523 scientists or 45% of the sample, returned a completed questionnaire. Another 15% of the sample provided reasons for not responding. Examination of the data related to Hypothesis Number One indicated that in a combined organization sample, levels of reported research output were: 1. positively associated with levels of perceived (a) influence to decide own work goals and objectives, (b) decentralized control of research activities, and 2. negatively associated with levels of perceived (a) supervisor influence to decide scientist work goals and objectives, and (b) centralized control of research activities. On the basis of this information, Hypothesis Number One was accepted. Examination of the data related to Hypothesis Number Two indicated that scientists in different types of organizations perceived different levels of: 1. emphasis to be placed on particular criteria used in the selection of research projects; 2. time expenditures in basic and applied research; 3. time pressure on their work; 4. influence to decide work goals and objectives; 5. supervisor or department head influence in deciding their work goals and objectives; 6. centralized and decentralized control of research activities; 7. coordination of efforts for common objectives. On the basis of this information Hypothesis Number Two was accepted. Examination of the data related to Hypothesis Number Three indicated that high research output scientists, in different types of organizations perceived different levels of: 1. influence in deciding their work goals and objectives (university scientists only); 2. immediate supervisor or department head influence in deciding their work goals and objectives; 3. centralized and decentralized control of research activities; and 4. coordination of efforts for common objectives. On the basis of this information, Hypothesis Number Three was accepted. Hypothesis Number Four was also accepted because examination of the data indicated that responses from high research output scientists in combined organization samples— as compared to responses from separate organization samples— differed in the same ways as those listed above. In summary, this study found relationships between research output and research department structure. Research departments in different types of parent organizations appeared to be structured differently. Finally, relationships between structure and research output varied across organization types, as well as between separate and combined organization samples. In conclusion, the present study indicated that there is no 'best' type of research department structure for all organizations. / Education, Faculty of / Graduate

The validity of the theory of skimming as a process of looking only at the key words in continuous discourse was investigated in the present study. The primary research questions raised were whether skimming by looking only at key words is an effective reading strategy and to what extent skimming is essentially a process of disembedding key words. Attention was also given to the relationship of familiarity with the content of stimulus passages to skimming performance. The research design involved manipulating three independent variables: (1) Form of presentation of each of two stimulus passages (key words underlined; key words presented by masking the non-key words; original text with no key words identified; and no stimulus passage at all, the control group); (2) Levels of key words (three levels of redundancy reduction: syntactic, lexical and morphological, and anaphoric or discourse redundancy); and (3) Familiarity with content of the stimulus passage (pretest familiarity: Pretest and No« Pretest; and amount of background information: High, Middle, or Low Pretest scores). The criterion measure for each stimulus passage was a set of multiple-choice questions which were administered as a pretest (Pretest group only) and as a posttest following the skimming task(s). The dependent variables were the posttest raw scores and the information gain scores (posttest score minus pretest score). Scores on the VanWagenen Rate of Comprehension Scale were used as a covariate. Grade 11 subjects were randomly assigned to Pretest and No-Pretest groups in the first experimental session. Within these respective groups the Ss were randomly assigned to one of seven treatments for the second session at which the Ss were directed to skim two passages (science and history) under a time-limit condition. The results of this study indicate that: 1. Familiarity with the content of the reading materials is one of the important factors involved in the skimming process. It was observed that familiarity with the content could be induced by exposure to a related pretest. In fact, skimming was effective only when there was cueing via exposure to the pretest and then only on the science passage- Overall, skimming did not appear to be an effective reading strategy on the history passage. As predicted, having a greater amount of background information did facilitate skimming on the science passage. 2. Elimination of non-key words did not affect skimming performance on the science passage at any level of redundancy reduction. Therefore, since no significant effects were observed either due to having non-key words eliminated or to the amount of redundancy reduction (levels of key words), it was concluded that grade 11 Ss are able to gain information through skimming by looking only at key words in continuous discourse. Contrary to expectations, however, having key words identified did not facilitate skimming at any level of redundancy reduction. Consequently, skimming cannot be said to be essentially a process of disembedding key words. 3. There was no significant interaction between and among the three independent variables: forms of the passages, levels of key words, and amount of background information. Implications of the conclusions for methods and materials to be used for instruction are that (1) some materials may not be appropriately skimmed; (2) while readers may be capable of skimming-by capitalizing on the redundancy and predictability of the language, they apparently need instruction and practice in order to take advantage of these characteristics of the language in efficient information processing. The relationship between skimming and other factors such as immediate or short-term memory and practice effect should be investigated. / Education, Faculty of / Graduate

An apparatus has been designed to investigate the mechanical behaviour of soils under plane strain. Provision has also been made to consolidate specimens under condition of no lateral yield prior to their shear; thus simulating the consolidation state in natural sedimentary deposits. The apparatus is suited for testing both sands and clays, including undisturbed clay samples from standard size bore hole samplers. The design permits a variety of stress paths to be followed during shear. An experimental procedure for testing both sands and clays has been developed and some test results are described. The results obtained show a general confirmation of existing information on the behaviour of soils under plane strain. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Civil Engineering, Department of / Graduate

In recent years interest has increased concerning the accuracy with which collections made with plankton samplers describe the size and species composition of zooplanktonic communities. The indications are that errors arising from the avoidance of sampling devices by zooplankton may be important, especially when precise data are required. A model is proposed to describe the processes by which zooplanktonic organisms escape or avoid a sampler in terms of the radius of the mouth of the sampler, the speed at which it is towed, the effective speed the organisms can attain in order to escape, and the distance at which the organisms can detect the sampler. The model is capable of being fitted to field data to provide a curve of percentage catch plotted against speed of towing. The results presented indicate that the model gives a good representation of the processes of biological escapement. Implications of the results are embodied in recommendations respecting the design of plankton samplers. / Science, Faculty of / Zoology, Department of / Graduate

One hundred and fifteen male weanling rats of the U.B.C. Wistar Strain were used to study the effect of changing energy level and protein:energy ratio of their ration on their growth rate, feed consumption, feed efficiency, body composition and metabolic rate. The rations used in this study were designed to test the hypothesis that the feed consumption of the rat is inversely proportional to the available energy content of its ration. Twenty semi-purified rations were formulated using sucrose, B. C. Herring Meal, hydrogenated vegetable oil, non-nutritive cellulose and vitamin and mineral premixes. The rations were calculated to contain 2000, 3000, 4000, 5000, or 5735 kilocalories of digestible energy per kilogram of dry matter and at each energy level to contain 30, 45, 60 or 75 milligrams of crude protein per kilocalorie of digestible energy. Most other nutrients (vitamins and minerals) were present in essentially constant amounts in each ration when levels were expressed as nutrient content per kilocalorie of apparent digestible energy. Ten of the rats were killed at a body weight of 65 grams for use as initial controls in the calculation of the composition of body weight gain. The remaining 105 animals were divided into twenty-one groups of five each. Each of twenty of the groups was assigned to an experimental ration and one group was fed a stock diet (U. B. C. Ration 10-61) as a secondary control. The animals were individually housed and were supplied with fresh bedding and water every third day. Their body weight and feed consumption were recorded daily. When an animal reached 58 grams body weight it was supplied with the previously assigned ration (prior to this time the animals were fed the above mentioned stock diet) and allowed to grow until it reached 165 grams body weight when it was killed and frozen for future chemical analysis. The experimental data used in the analysis of this study covered the body weight range of 65 to 165 grams body weight only. The apparent digestibility of the rations was determined using the chromic oxide technique. The energy content of the feed and feces was measured by bomb calorimetry and the apparent digestible energy content of the rations calculated. The protein and fat content of feed and feces was determined by Micro-Kjeldahl analysis and extraction with petroleum ether respectively and the apparent digestibility of these two ration components calculated. The proximate composition of the rats was determined on the individual animals with gastrointestinal contents included. The resting metabolic rate of a selected rat in each group was determined when the selected animal reached a body weight of 100, 130 and 165 grams. The resting metabolic rate of each of the initial control rats was determined just prior to the time it was killed. The experimental data indicate that the rat tends to eat to meet an energy requirement. The relationship between feed intake and apparent digestible energy is not in agreement with the initial hypothesis. An attempt to explain this deviation is presented and a general pattern of feed consumption relative to available energy is proposed which is believed to be applicable to all animals. Growth rates increased with increasing protein:energy ratios at fixed energy levels and increasing energy levels at fixed protein energy ratios. Feed efficiency increased with increasing energy level and with increasing protein: energy ratios. It is clearly shown that growth rate and feed efficiency, used alone, have limited usefulness in evaluating the performance of an animal. It is also clearly demonstrated that protein content of the ration when expressed as a percentage of the ration has no bearing on the performance that can be expected of an animal fed that ration. The body composition of the rats followed a pattern which is generally expected. The fat gain increased with increasing energy level at any given protein:energy ratio and increased with decreasing protein: energy ratios at any given energy level. The majority of the change in the fat content was balanced by differences which occurred in the protein and water content of the rats. The ash content was essentially constant in all groups. No apparent trends occurred in the resting metabolic rate measurements when considered on the basis of individual animals. Finally, it is suggested that the design of rations and the expression of feeding standards should be standardized and that the basis of this standard should be energy. In other words, rations and feeding standards should be expressed on a nutrient per available calorie basis rather than on a percentage basis. / Land and Food Systems, Faculty of / Graduate

The physical characteristics of particle size distribution, compactability and plasticity of Ottawa sand and Haney clay were determined. Direct shear tests were used to relate dry bulk density, soil water content and normal pressure to the shear strength of Ottawa sand and Haney clay. The static and kinetic values of soil-metal friction were determined for each of three chisel shaped tillage machines with Ottawa sand and Haney clay. The friction values were then related to normal pressure, area of contact and soil water content for each soil. Tillage studies were conducted and the forces resulting from soil-machine interaction were measured. For each soil, these forces were related to soil water content, dry bulk density, machine width and machine velocity. The soil and chisel variables were combined in accordance with the Buckingham π theorem to form dimensionless ratios. These dimensionless ratios were combined to form equations for use in model-prototype predictions. The accuracy of these predictions was found to vary with soil water content, dry bulk density and machine velocity. Since all measurements recorded during the course of this study were analyzed by statistical procedures, the resulting equations do not represent basic physical relationships. Caution should therefore be used if these equations are to be applied to values beyond the range of values analyzed in this report. / Land and Food Systems, Faculty of / Graduate

The persistence of substandard housing in many older Canadian cities has prompted the Federal government to intervene in the private process of renewal. Early public programmes concentrated on neighbourhood redevelopment, as had private enterprise. However, a recent revision in Federal policy has led to a greater emphasis on rehabilitation, the goal being to preserve elder residential areas through a programme cf Neighbourhood Improvement (NIP) and Residential Rehabilitation Assistance (RRAP). This change in policy has implications for the future character of declining areas and the evolution of the urban spatial structure. Since participation in BRAP is voluntary, the success cf this programme and the ultimate improvement of these neighbourhoods depends on residents1 attitudes towards rehabilitation and their eagerness to renovate. The purpose of this study is to examine factors influencing the owner's decision to rehabilitate his property. The conversion zones cf the three Vancouver inner city neighbourhoods of Kitsilano, Cedar Cottage and Grandview have been selected for the purpose of this investigation. In the past, these zones have been considered impermanent and their redevelopment seen as inevitable. However, they are now to be conserved, although at the time of the research, only Kitsilano and Cedar Cottage had been designated for Federal assistance through NIP and RRflP, The data for this study were principally collected through a questionnaire survey conducted in January and February, 1976. Resident homeowners were interviewed, while a small sample of absentee owners were sent mail questionnaires. Non-parametric statistics were used to analyse the data. The survey indicated that the decision to rehabilitate is based not only on financial considerations, but also owners' attitudes towards their neighbourhood, their property and the notion of improvement. While lower income residents having to make mortgage payments did encounter financial constraints to home improvements, income per se did not significantly affect rehabilitation activity. Possible property tax increases nevertheless did constitute a disincentive to improvement for many owners, profit oriented landlords also being discouraged by Provincial rent controls. However, most respondents supported the notion of residential rehabilitation and wanted more improvement in their neighbourhood. Kitsilano residents feared that further decline would lead to the disintegration of their community and culminate in apartment redevelopment, while Cedar Cottage respondents were concerned for the social status of their area. A small proportion of homeowners in these two neighbourhoods considered further deterioration inevitable and perceived this as a disincentive to rehabilitation. However, most regarded residential improvement as an effective means of maintaining the desirability of these neighbourhoods and protecting them from further undesirable changes. In all areas, respondents exhibiting pride and confidence in their neighbourhood and a sense of personal efficacy achieved the highest levels of rehabilitation. Many resident owners were also motivated by pride in their property. However, for most absentee landlords, the incentive to improve was purely economic. Despite a generally positive attitude towards improvement, few perceived ERAP as an incentive to rehabilitate. Landlords disliked the associated rent controls and many homeowners were discouraged by the financial burden of a REAP loan, pride in their self-sufficiency, and a negative attitude towards the neighbourhood and improvement. REAP therefore seems unlikely to significantly contribute to the improvement of older, deteriorating neighbourhoods, although recent programme revisions may stimulate more activity. Some of Vancouver's declining inner city neighbourhoods have at least temporarily been upgraded through residents' efforts to rehabilitate and government controls on redevelopment. The positive attitude of most respondents suggests that private rehabilitation will continue as long as owners remain confident in the future of their area. Neighbourhoods that would otherwise have been redeveloped have hence been preserved. However, unless the government continues to intervene in the deterioration process, private redevelopment will likely ensue and the urban spatial structure continue to evolve as before. / Arts, Faculty of / Geography, Department of / Graduate