Levando-se em consideração a grande demanda por água e por fim a poluição emergente nos dias de hoje, o gerenciamento dos corpos hídricos deve ser algo constante, com o propósito preventivo e corretivo, sendo o objetivo deste trabalho a análise das condições ecotoxicológicas e limnológicas dos reservatórios Guarapiranga, Billings e Paiva Castro, na Região Metropolitana de São Paulo, que é abastecida por tais reservatórios. Foram realizadas duas coletas, sedo uma em Maio de 2011, na estação seca, e outra em Janeiro de 2012, na estação chuvosa. Em cada reservatório foram analisados cinco pontos próximos à captação de água pela SABESP. A água e sedimento foram avaliados quanto à toxicidade aguda e crônica através de bioensaios com os cladóceros Daphnia similis e Ceriodaphnia dubia para a água e D. similis e Chironomus xanthus para o sedimento. O tratamento dos dados ocorreu através dos testes de Dunnett\'s ou Steel\'s Many-one Hank e Kruskal-Wallis (fecundidade / sobrevivência) e Fisher Exact Test (mortalidade). Os parâmetros limnológicos analisados na água foram: pH, temperatura, condutividade elétrica, material em suspensão (orgânico e inorgânico), sólidos totais, oxigênio dissolvido, DQO, DBO, nitrogênio total, nitrato, nitrito, amônio, fósforo total, ortofosfato e clorofila a. Os parâmetros físico-químicos do sedimento analisados foram: pH, temperatura, granulometria, teor de Matéria Orgânica e metais (Cd, Cu, Ni, Zn, Pb e Mn). O grau de associação entre as variáveis limnológicas da água, sedimento, e testes ecotoxicológicos, foi avaliado em teste não-paramétrico, através do Coeficiente de Correlação de Spearman. As mesmas variáveis também foram analisadas através da Análise dos Componentes Principais (ACP). O Índice de Estado Trófico mostrou serem os reservatórios Guarapiranga e Billings os mais eutrofizados dentre os corpos hídricos estudados. Conforme os parâmetros analisados na água, alguns parâmetros de certos pontos amostrais estiveram fora dos Padrões estabelecidos pela Resolução CONAMA nº 357/05. Houve influência das chuvas em relação aos parâmetros limnológicos da água, mas o mesmo não foi evidenciado em relação aos resultados dos testes ecotoxicológicos. No geral os dados sugerem ser o sedimento dos reservatórios com maior potencial tóxico do que a água. Os dados ainda sugerem um gradiente de toxicidade, começando pelo reservatório Billings, Guarapiranga e por último Paiva Castro, sendo este o menos tóxico. Houve uma possível correlação entre os metais encontrados no sedimento dos reservatórios mais eutrofizados e a toxicidade obtida nos testes ecotoxicológicos. Os dados sugerem que maiores esforços preventivos e corretivos devem ser alocados para os reservatórios mais eutrofizados e com maiores ocorrências de toxicidade, como é o caso de Guarapiranga e Billings, enquanto que no terceiro reservatório, Paiva Castro, o monitoramento e esforços preventivos serão satisfatórios, mantendo os padrões de qualidade de suas águas em relação aos parâmetros analisados neste trabalho. / Considering the great water demand and the increase pollution in the present-day, the management of the hydric bodies must be something constant, with the preventive and corrective purpose, being the objective of this work to analyze the ecotoxicological and limnological conditions of Guarapiranga, Billings and Paiva Castro reservoirs, in the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo, that\'s supplied by these reservoirs. It was made 2 collections, one in May 2011, in the dry season, and the other in January 2012, in the wet season. In each reservoir it was analyzed 5 points next to the water captation station by the SABESP. The water and sediment were analyzed as for acute and chronic toxicity through bioEssays with the cladocerans Daphnia similis and Ceriodaphnia dubia to the water and D. similis and Chironomus Xanthus to the sediment. The data treatment occurred through the Dunnett\'s or Steel\'s Many-one Hank and Kruskal-Wallis (fecundity/ survival) and Fisher Exact Test (mortality). The limnological water parameters analyzed were: pH, temperature, electrical conductivity, suspended solids (organic and inorganic), total solids, dissolved oxygen, COD, BOD, total nitrogen, nitrate, nitrite, ammonium, total phosphorus, orthophosphate and chlorophyll a. The physical-chemical analyzed parameters in sediment were: pH, temperature, granulometry, organic matter, and metals (Cd, Cu, Ni, Zn, Pb and Mn). The association level between the limnological variables in water, sediment, and ecotoxicological tests, was available in non-parametric tests, through the Spearman correlation coefficient. The same variables were analyzed through the Principal Component Analysis. The Trophic State Index show the Guarapiranga and Billings reservoir as the most eutrophicated between the hydric bodies studied. According to the analyzed parameters in the water, some parameters of certain points were out of the standards established by CONAMA Resolution nº 357/05. There was influence from the rain in relation to the limnological parameters from water, but the same standard was not evidenced in relation to the results from the ecotoxicological tests. In general, the data suggest being the reservoir sediments with more toxic potential than the water. The data still suggest a toxicity gradient, beginning in the Billings and Guarapiranga reservoir, and for last Paiva Castro, being this one the less toxic. There was one possible correlation between the metal found in the more eutrophicated reservoir sediment and the toxicity obtained in the ecotoxicological tests. The data suggest that greater preventive and corrective efforts must be allocated to the more eutrophicated reservoirs with more toxicity occurrences, as the case of Guarapiranga and Billings, while in the third reservoir, Paiva Castro, the monitoring and preventive efforts will be satisfactory, keeping the water quality standard in relation to the parameters analyzed in this work.

No description available.

Based on case studies in Lao PDR, this research investigates the importance of small waterbody fisheries to rural households, the impact of enhancement initiatives on resources and resource users, and the opportunities and constraints of communityled enhancement. Detailed biological, socio-economic, and institutional data on small water body fisheries were collected and analysed in an integrated framework. Small waterbody fisheries contributed substantially to rural livelihoods, with average household catches of 66 kg/year, equivalent in value to approximately half the household rice production (the major crop grown in the region). Poorer households caught and sold more fish than other socio-economic groups. Active management of small waterbody fisheries by stocking and the regulation of fishing had significant impacts on fish stocks, yields, and the type, magnitude and distribution of benefits to villagers. Stocked fisheries managed by and for the village showed higher standing stocks and returns to fishing effort, and thus generated substantial efficiency benefits even though yields were not significantly higher than in unmanaged fisheries. Benefits were in the form of income to the community, partially passed on to households, (equally between socio-economic groups), through reduced financial contributions to the village. Institutional analysis suggests that locally adapted rules, ownership rights, low cost monitoring and enforcement, and information about benefits are key factors in promoting and sustaining community enhancement efforts, as well as the presence of individuals with substantial leadership skills. Results suggest that communities can and do successfully set up and maintain enhancement initiatives and that enhancement of small water body fisheries can generate substantial benefits. However these will only be sustained if it corresponds to villager's objectives and coincides with conducive institutional arrangements and, crucially, an enabling external policy environment. To achieve the full potential of enhancements, research should be aimed at furthering villager's understanding of the status and potential of their resource in terms of these objectives.

Orientador: Marcelo Luiz Martins Pompêo / Coorientador: Marisa Dantas Bitencourt / Banca: Manuel Enrique Gamero G Guandique / Banca: Ana Lúcia Brandimarte / Resumo: A crescente demanda pelo uso dos recursos hídricos nas suas três esferas: agricultura, indústria e consumo humano é consequente do crescimento populacional e fortalecimento dessas atividades para suprir as necessidades humanas, que é exatamente o foco da gestão desse recurso que o Brasil enfrenta, os usos que se faz da água. Nesse sentido, a água como um bem essencial para que haja as mais diversas formas de vida na Terra, porém finito, carece de atenção especial. O aumento desordenado da urbanização juntamente com a carência de saneamento básico colaboram para que os corpos hídricos fiquem poluídos. Essa pesquisa é um subprojeto que está atrelado em um trabalho maior pretendendo implementar a Diretiva Quadro da Água (DQA) no Estado de São Paulo. A DQA é o modelo de gestão dos recursos hídricos da Comunidade Europeia que visa atingir o bom estado/potencial ecológico das águas com o mínimo de degradação. Diante do problema da deterioração da água e essa atual forma de gestão das águas, surge a necessidade de aplicar a DQA nos reservatórios paulistas tendo como a variável para a tipologia, a Geologia dominante da área de estudo, sendo esse, portanto, o objetivo do trabalho: descrição e caracterização geológica. Para tanto, foi necessário delimitar as bacias hidrográficas que abrangem esses reservatórios e extrair destas bacias as classes geológicas e geomorfológicas constantes da literatura. Foram analisadas 25 bacias de captação espalhadas sistematicamente por ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The increasing demand for the use of water resources in its three areas: agriculture, industry and human consumption is a consequence of population growth and strengthening of these activities to meet human needs, that is exactly the focus of the management of this resource Brazil faces, the uses of water. In this sense, water as an essential resource to have the most diverse forms of life on Earth, but finite, needs special attention. This uncontrolled increase in urbanization coupled with the lack of basic sanitation collaborate to water bodies get polluted. This research is a subproject that is tied in a larger work, which intends to implement the Water Framework Directive (WFD) in the State of São Paulo. WFD is the management model of water resources of the European Community which aims to achieve good ecological status/potential of the waters with minimum degradation. As we face problems with deterioration and its current way of management, the need arises to apply the WFD in São Paulo's reservoirs having as variable for typology, the dominant Geology of the area of study and this is, therefore, the objective of the research: geological description and characterization. In order to reach the goal, it is necessary to set the watersheds limits, which embraces these reservoirs and extract from them the geological and geomorphological classes from literature. There are 25 watersheds which were analyzed throughout the state of São Paulo, among them are the Hydrographic Unit f... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Metal-reducing microorganisms reduce a variety of metals in metabolic processes coupled to the oxidation of organic compounds. These bacteria play an important role in the biogeochemical cycling of metals and organic matter in anaerobic aquatic and sediment ecosystems. It has been proposed recently that metal-reducing microorganisms also are active in deep subsurface environments such as petroleum reservoirs. Only two metal-reducing bacteria have been isolated from petroleum reservoir fluids, Shewanella putrefaciens and Deferribacter thermophilus. This project studied the occurrence and distribution of metal-reducing microorganisms in petroleum reservoirs. The research focused on the isolation, characterisation and identification of anaerobic bacteria from petroleum reservoirs that were capable of reducing metals and the potential roles of these isolates in the microbial ecology and biogeochemical cycling of petroleum reservoirs. Petroleum reservoirs were selected for this study on the basis of physio-chemical conditions such as temperature, salinity, pH and the presence of organic and inorganic compounds, that were likely to provide a suitable environment for anaerobic bacteria capable of reducing metals. Factors such as the stratigraphic features of the sedimentary basin, age of reservoir and past oil field practices also were considered in choosing the reservoir for study. Seven petroleum reservoirs in the USA and Azerbaijan were chosen for extensive investigations. The physico-chemical conditions in these reservoirs varied substantially. A systematic study of the production water from these petroleum reservoirs revealed a consistent presence of iron- and manganese-reducing microorganisms. It was found that salinity and temperature play a significant and defining role in the occurrence and distribution of these metal-reducing microorganisms. Biotic metal reduction was detected from production waters from all but one of the oil wells sampled. It was significant that the water from this well (Neftcala #1074) was the most saline (78 g/l NaCI). Metal-reducing activity was detected at temperatures up to 70°C. Two pure cultures, strains RED1 for Redwash petroleum reservoir (USA) and NEF1 from the Neftcala petroleum reservoir (Azerbaijan) were isolated and characterized. The strains had diverse physiological and metabolic properties including the ability to oxidize a wide range of carbon compounds and reduce a variety of metals. Their temperature, salinity and pH optima varied markedly. Phylogenetic analyses of the 16S rRNA of strain RED1 showed that the strain represented a new species of a new genus in the domain Bacteria. The bacterium most closely related to strain RED1 is the fermentative Fe(III)-reducer, Pelobacter acetylenicus (similarity value, 92.8%). Strain NEF1 possesses a unique combination of phenotypic traits and a low mol % G+C. From preliminary analyses and comparative biochemistry, NEF1 appears to be a novel metal-reducing bacterium of the Flexistipes group. The bacteria isolated in this study were able to grow at temperatures and salinities consistent with the reservoir from which they were isolated. This indicated that petroleum reservoirs are a new source of physiologically diverse, novel, metal-reducing microorganisms. The bacteria isolated also demonstrated a number of characteristics that would enable them to survive and persist in extreme subsurface conditions and develop a selective ecological advantage in petroleum reservoir environments. Significantly, the metal-reducing bacteria isolated were able to utilize an array of metabolic products produced by bacteria indigenous to petroleum reservoirs. This has resulted in a new proposed model for the ecological succession of bacteria in petroleum reservoirs.

"March 2004" / Bibliography: leaves 221-234. / xxiv, 249 leaves : ill. (some col.), maps, photos (col.) ; 30 cm. / Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library. / This research is part of the SA Water and Cooperative Centre for Water Quality and Treatment project entitled Destratification for control of phyloplankton. The major objective of this project was to assess a novel method of destratification and control of cyanobacteria, in particular Anabaena circinalis Rabenh. ex Born. et Flah, with the use of raft-mounted mechanical surface mixers with draft-tubes. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 2004

Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2007. / Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains ix, 53 p. : ill. (some col.), maps (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 50-52).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Texas at Austin, 2006. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Hong Kong, 2006. / Title proper from title frame. Also available in printed format.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Texas at Austin, 2006. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references.