Accessibility plays an important role in a number of scientific fields, and significant advances in measuring accessibility have been made over the past two decades. However, since the comprehensive review of accessibility measures conducted by Geurs and van Wee in 2004, no attempt has been made to update their study. In addition, the emergence of Automated Vehicles (AVs) is expected to dramatically impact accessibility. Therefore, based on the relevant assessment criteria proposed by Geurs and van Wee (2004) (i.e., theoretical basis, interpretability, operationalization, and usability), this research reviews: (1) progress made over the past two decades on measuring accessibility; and (2) how accessibility measures have incorporated the impacts of AVs. A total of 495 papers and books were identified through a search of Scopus, Web of Science, and EBSCOhost in May 2019. The results found that the existing accessibility measures have been further refined, and new measures have been created by leveraging more advanced behavior theories and/or models. In addition, the operationalization of almost all of the measures has become easier due to more readily available data and more advanced implementation tools. As a result of these changes, accessibility measures are becoming more usable and can more accurately assess social, economic, and environmental impacts. However, the interpretation of these measures is becoming more difficult due to the incorporation of more complicated theories and models. Interestingly, very few papers discussed AVs in the context of accessibility measures. Finally, as a result of this study, future research opportunities are identified. / Master of Urban and Regional Planning / The concept of accessibility plays an important role in a number of scientific fields (e.g., transportation planning, environmental conservation, and economic development, etc.), and a change in accessibility can have a direct impact on an individual's quality of life. Transportation accessibility is a function of the connectivity between origins (e.g., a home) and destinations (e.g., a place of employment). Significant advances in measuring accessibility have been made over the past two decades. However, since the comprehensive review of accessibility measures conducted by Geurs and van Wee in 2004, no attempt has been made to update their study. In addition, the emergence of Automated Vehicles (AVs) is expected to dramatically impact accessibility. Therefore, based on the relevant assessment criteria proposed by Geurs and van Wee (2004) (i.e., theoretical basis, interpretability, operationalization, and usability), this research reviews: (1) progress made over the past two decades on measuring accessibility; and (2) how accessibility measures have incorporated the impacts of AVs. The theoretical basis refers to whether an accessibility measure is developed based on solid theories or models, and whether the measure is sensitive to: (a) opportunity changes (e.g., changes in the location of jobs); (b) transport cost changes (e.g., travel time changes); (c) temporal changes (e.g., the change of travel options throughout different times-of-day); and (d) individual changes (e.g., how residents' travel behavior changes due to the emergence of a new subway line). Interpretability refers to how easy an accessibility measure can be explained and understood by planners, engineers, and decision makers. Operationalization refers to how easy it is to use a measure in practice. Finally, usability refers to whether the results of an accessibility measure can be used to assess social, economic, and environmental impacts. A total of 495 papers and books were identified through a search of Scopus, Web of Science, and EBSCOhost in May 2019. The results found that existing accessibility measures have been further refined, and new measures have been created by leveraging more advanced behavior theories and/or models. In addition, the operationalization of almost all of the measures has become easier due to more readily available data and more advanced implementation tools. As a result of these changes, accessibility measures are becoming more usable and can more accurately assess social, economic, and environmental impacts. However, the interpretation of these measures is becoming more difficult due to the incorporation of more complicated theories and models. Interestingly, very few papers discussed AVs in the context of accessibility measures. Finally, as a result of this study, future research opportunities are identified.

Peer code reviews play a critical role in maintaining code quality, and GitHub has introduced several new features to assist with the review process. One of these features is suggested changes, which allows for precise code modifications in pull requests to be suggested in review comments. Despite the availability of such helpful features, many pull requests remain unattended due to lower priority. To address this issue, we developed a bot called ``Suggestion Bot" to automatically review the codebase using GitHub's suggested changes functionality. An empirical study was also conducted to compare the effectiveness of this bot with manual reviews. The findings suggest that implementing this bot can expedite response times and improve the quality of pull request comments for pull-based software development projects. In addition to providing automated suggestions, this feature also offers valuable, concise, and targeted feedback. / Master of Science / Code review, often known as peer review, is a process used to ensure the quality of software. Code review is a process in software development that involves one or more individuals examining the source code of a program, either after it has been implemented or during a pause in the development process. The creator of the code cannot be one of the individuals. "Reviewers" refers to the individuals conducting the checking, excluding the author. However, the majority of reviewers won't have the time to examine and validate the peer's code base, so they'll assign it the lowest priority possible. This could cause pull requests to stall out without being reviewed. Therefore, as part of our research, we are creating a bot called SUGGESTION BOT that provides code changes in pull requests. The author can then accept, reject, or alter these ideas as a necessary component of the pull request. Additionally, we compared the effectiveness of our bot with the manual pull request review procedure, which clearly demonstrated that the incorporation of this bot significantly shortened the turnaround time. Besides giving automated recommendations, this functionality also provides useful, brief, and focused feedback.

Yes / Internet and social media have created new opportunities and challenges for marketing practices. This research provides a comprehensive analysis of the unanticipated consequences of interactive marketing. The current study focuses on a number of aspects of interactive marketing research such as consumer-to-consumer and consumer-to-company communications, consumer brand engagement, impact of social influencers and online buzz, impact of online advertisement, companies adoption and use of new technologies by companies, consumer empowerment by digital technologies, complain handling, impact of mobile advertising, co-creation, and impact of social media marketing. This research provides a valuable synthesis of the relevant literature. The findings of this study could be used as an informative framework for both academics and practitioners.

Yes / Classroom response systems (clickers), in their various forms, are widely used across disciplines, demonstrating effectiveness across a range of different educational settings. However, only a few literature reviews on this technology have been undertaken in general, and no review has yet been performed on this topic in the business and management context. Realising the existing research gap, this article reviews 33 clicker-related studies from the business and management discipline that are largely focused on student perceptions and outcomes. The purpose of this paper is to provide a critical and balanced review of articles from the business and management discipline on various themes such as learner's engagement, performance, learning, participation, satisfaction, feedback, attendance, enjoyability, motivation, and interactivity, to name a few. The review also provides a brief account of lessons learned from the literature published in other disciplines and recommendations provided by studies from the business and management discipline.

Yes / Smart cities can help in achieving UN SDG. This research carries out a comprehensive analysis of the role of smart cities on creating sustainable cities and communities, which is one of 17 UN sustainable goals. Current research focuses on number of aspect of sustainable environment such as renewable and green energy, energy efficiency, environmental monitoring, air quality, and water quality. This study provides a valuable synthesis of the relevant literature on smart cities by analysing and discussing the key findings from existing research on issues of smart cities in creating sustainable cities and communities. The findings of this study can provide an informative framework for research on smart cities for academics and practitioners.

Yes / Introduction As a consequence of the low cost and perceived safety, proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are widely prescribed but they can cause longterm adverse effects and are often overprescribed. For most patients PPIs should not be continued long-term as patients can become dependent on PPIs and they are rarely stepped down/off treatment. We aimed to measure whether a dyspepsia review service could help patients on PPIs to step down/off treatment whilst still keeping them symptom free. Methods Pharmacists were provided with training on dyspepsia management. Four general practices were selected. Patients taking a PPI for more than two months were included. A list of exclusion criteria (e.g. active ulcers, newly initiated) was applied. Between six and eight dyspepsia review clinics were run at each site. Patients were booked into a 15-minute consultation. A concordance style consultation was held with clinicians providing information on dyspepsia management and exploring the patients’ ideas, concerns and expectations about stepping down or stepping off treatment. A follow-up audit was performed at four months to determine if patients had remained stepped down/off. An economic evaluation of clinic costs and drugs savings was performed. Results A total of 508 patients were invited to a review; 136 did not attend and 58 were excluded due to not meeting the inclusion criteria, leaving 314 patients reviewed for step-down/step-off. Successful step down/step off was achieved in 257 people (82% of those reviewed). The total cost savings of PPIs was £7,100. The additional cost of alginates was £1,207 giving a net saving on medicines of £5,893 per annum. Set-up costs were £1,194 and staff costs £3,524 to £5,156 giving total running costs, which vary dependent on the Agenda for Change (AfC) grade of pharmacist involved, of £4,720 - £6,351. Conclusion A dyspepsia review clinic is cost-neutral to run but, given that many patients are on polypharmacy, PPI step down might best be considered as part of a holistic medication review clinic. / Reckitt Benckiser, National Institute for Health Research, Health Education England

Yes / Objective: Past research has suggested that social influences on drinking can be manipulated with subsequent reductions in alcohol intake. However, the experimental evidence for this and the best strategies to positively change these social influences have not been meta-analyzed. This research addressed these gaps. Method: Randomized controlled trials testing social influence-based interventions on adults’ drinking were systematically reviewed and meta-analyzed. The behavior change techniques used in each study were coded and the effect sizes showing the impact of each intervention on (a) social influence and (b) alcohol intake were calculated. Meta-regressions identified the association between these effect sizes, as well as the effect of specific behavior change techniques on social influences. Results: Forty-one studies comprising 17445 participants were included. Changes in social influences were significantly associated with changes in alcohol intake. However, even moderate-to-large changes in social influences corresponded with only a small change in drinking behavior and changing social influences did not reduce alcohol-related problems. Providing normative information about others’ behavior and experiences was the most effective technique to change social influences. Conclusions: Social influences and normative beliefs can be changed in drinkers, particularly by providing normative information about how much others’ drink. However, even generating large changes in these constructs are likely to engender only small changes in alcohol intake. / NHS Leeds, UK.

This study focuses on the ability, or inability, to replicate or compare the design of text-related research from the perspective of the independent or dependent variables employed in such designs. Prior text-related research has used variables that were not clearly described or defined, could not be directly compared from one study or time period to the next, or were applied inappropriately. Measurements of typography-related and substrate-related variables may have absolute or relative values, and confusion can arise if the variables are not clearly identified and defined. The study is an integrative review with mixed methods research design investigating 44 books and two websites (part 1), and 83 journal articles and four theses/dissertations (part 2). The integrative review shows that the sources investigated present neither essential information on typographic and substrate characteristics nor consistent definitions of legibility and readability in order to allow comparable replication from one study to another. Findings are displayed in Chapter 4. Discussion and the related details are presented in Chapter 5. / PHD / This study focuses on the ability, or inability, to replicate or compare the design of text-related research from the perspective of the independent or dependent variables employed in such designs. Previous text-related research has used variables that were not clearly described or defined, could not be directly compared from one study or time period to the next, or were applied inappropriately. Measurements of typography-related and substrate-related variables may have absolute or relative values, and confusion can arise if the variables are not clearly identified and defined. The study is an integrative review with both qualitative and quantitative research design analyzing 44 books and two websites (part 1); and 83 journal articles, one thesis, and three dissertations (part 2). The integrative review shows that the sources investigated do not present essential information on typographic and substrate characteristics, and consistent definitions of legibility and readability to permit comparable replication from one study to another. Findings are displayed in Chapter 4. Discussion and the related details are presented in Chapter 5.

Yes / Purpose: The aim of this study was to systematically review the literature to investigate the link (if any) between vision and dizziness. Methods: Medline, CINAHL, AMED, Web of Science and The Cochrane Library were searched with keywords chosen to find articles which investigated the causes of dizziness and considered vision as a possible trigger. Citation chaining of all included papers was performed in addition to the hand searching of all reference lists. Unpublished literature was identified using www.opengrey.eu. The review considered studies involving adults which link, measure or attempt to improve any aspect of vision in relation to dizziness. Results: Nine thousand six hundred and eighty one possible references were found, and the abstracts were screened independently by two reviewers to determine if they should be included in the study. Thirteen papers were found which investigated whether dizziness was linked to an assessment of vision. Visual impairment measures were crude and typically self-report, or Snellen visual acuity with little or no measurement details. Five studies found an independent link between dizziness and vision, five found a weak association (typically finding a link when univariate analyses were used, but not when multivariate analyses were used), and three found no association. Studies finding a strong link were usually cross-sectional with a large study population whereas those finding a weak association had relatively small numbers of participants. Studies which did not find an association used a broad definition of dizziness that included the term light-headedness, an unreliable Rosenbaum near visual acuity chart or an unusual categorisation of visual acuity. Conclusions: This review suggests that dizziness (although likely not ‘light-headedness’) is linked with poor vision although further studies using more appropriate measures of vision are recommended. / Deborah Armstrong was funded by a College of Optometrists Research Scholarship and Emily Charlesworth by a College of Optometrists summer studentship.

No / Discussions between the children's services manager at an National Health Service trust, and a children's nursing lecturer from the trust's partnering university clarified that there was a need to establish a greater understanding of the local circumstances surrounding adverse events in drug administration - particularly when those events involved nurses. Indeed it is claimed that nurses spend up to 40% of their time administering drugs. It was agreed that a collaborative research study, specifically designed to explore the nature of drug administration errors, could inform future trust policies and procedures around both drug administration and error, as well as the various university curricula concerning drug administration. This study, supported by senior management in the trust, and the chair of the local research ethics committee, has commenced. The first part of this study -- an introductory literature review, is presented here. The work of O'Shea [J Clin Nurs (1999)8:496-504] is significant in structuring the review that bears a number of recurring themes. It is not the intention of this literature review to reappraise O'Shea's original critique but to expand on her work, offer a contemporaneous perspective in the light of studies and reports published since 1999, and reset the topic in the context of clinical governance. This literature review has already provided an underpinning framework for a pilot questionnaire to staff who have been involved in drug administration errors and is also the basis for curricular input to preregistration students on the subject of risk management and drug administration. In conclusion, several recommendations about the shape of future research are offered.