La voie de signalisation des androgènes, à travers le récepteur aux androgènes (AR), joue un rôle important dans le développement et la fonction de la prostate, ainsi que dans l’initiation et la progression du cancer de la prostate. La découverte de nouveaux effecteurs de la signalisation androgènes-AR permettra une meilleure compréhension de ces mécanismes. MiR-135a a été identifié comme un gène cible de la voie de signalisation androgènes-AR. Après stimulation androgénique, AR active directement la transcription du gène miR-135a2, en se fixant sur un élément de réponse aux androgènes dans la région promotrice.Une surexpression de miR-135a inhibe la migration et l’invasion de cellules prostatiques cancéreuses, en régulant négativement l’expression des protéines ROCK1 et ROCK2, deux gènes cibles de miR-135a nouvellement identifiés.De plus, miR-135a cible et régule négativement l’expression du facteur de transcription FOXN3, capable de moduler l’activité transcriptionnelle de AR et la prolifération cellulaire dépendante des androgènes.L’étude fonctionnelle de miR-135a suggère donc qu’il puisse être impliqué dans la progression du cancer de la prostate, en régulant la formation des métastases et la signalisation androgénique. L’expression de miR-135a, dans le tissu tumoral par rapport au tissu sain adjacent, de prostatectomies de patients, est inversement corrélée aux paramètres d’agressivité de la maladie, suggérant qu’il puisse être utilisé comme marqueur de pronostic du cancer de la prostate.Ces résultats font de miR-135a un nouvel effecteur de la voie de signalisation de AR, pouvant contribuer à la progression du cancer de la prostate. / Androgens signaling through the androgen receptor (AR) is critical for normal prostate development and function, as well as prostate cancer initiation and progression. The discovery of new effectors of androgens-AR pathway will allow a better understanding of these mechanisms.MiR-135a has been identified as a target gene in androgen-AR signaling pathway. After androgen stimulation, AR directly activates the transcription of miR-135a2 gene by binding to an androgen response element in the promoter region.Ectopic expression of miR-135a was found to induce morphological modification leading to an inhibition of migration and invasion in prostate cancer cells, by down-regulating ROCK1 and ROCK 2 expression, two newly identified miR-135a target genes.Moreover, miR-135a targets and downregulates the expression of the transcription factor FOXN3, able to modulate AR transcriptional activity and androgen-mediated cell proliferation.Thus, functional study of miR-135a suggests that it could be implicated in prostate cancer progression, by regulating metastases formation and androgen signaling.MiR-135a expression level in surgical cancerous speciments normalized to pair-matched normal counterpart tissues was inversely correlated with aggressivity parameters of the disease, suggesting that it could be used as a candidate prognostic marker in human prostate cancer.These results define miR-135a as a novel effector in androgens-AR signaling, which may contribute to prostate cancer progression.

No description available.

La voie de signalisation des androgènes, à travers le récepteur aux androgènes (AR), joue un rôle important dans le développement et la fonction de la prostate, ainsi que dans l'initiation et la progression du cancer de la prostate. La découverte de nouveaux effecteurs de la signalisation androgènes-AR permettra une meilleure compréhension de ces mécanismes. MiR-135a a été identifié comme un gène cible de la voie de signalisation androgènes-AR. Après stimulation androgénique, AR active directement la transcription du gène miR-135a2, en se fixant sur un élément de réponse aux androgènes dans la région promotrice.Une surexpression de miR-135a inhibe la migration et l'invasion de cellules prostatiques cancéreuses, en régulant négativement l'expression des protéines ROCK1 et ROCK2, deux gènes cibles de miR-135a nouvellement identifiés.De plus, miR-135a cible et régule négativement l'expression du facteur de transcription FOXN3, capable de moduler l'activité transcriptionnelle de AR et la prolifération cellulaire dépendante des androgènes.L'étude fonctionnelle de miR-135a suggère donc qu'il puisse être impliqué dans la progression du cancer de la prostate, en régulant la formation des métastases et la signalisation androgénique. L'expression de miR-135a, dans le tissu tumoral par rapport au tissu sain adjacent, de prostatectomies de patients, est inversement corrélée aux paramètres d'agressivité de la maladie, suggérant qu'il puisse être utilisé comme marqueur de pronostic du cancer de la prostate.Ces résultats font de miR-135a un nouvel effecteur de la voie de signalisation de AR, pouvant contribuer à la progression du cancer de la prostate.

No description available.

Recent literature has shown that AMPA (α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid) receptors lacking the GluR2 subunit (thus calcium permeable) are widely expressed in the CNS, especially in interneurons and glia, where they contribute to synaptic transmission and plasticity. Studies have also indicated that calcium permeable AMPARs (CP-AMPARs) are expressed and participate in synaptic regulation in principal neurons, including hippocampal pyramidal neurons. Furthermore, CP-AMPARs and their resultant calcium influx are implicated in various pathophysiological conditions such as ischemia and seizures. However, the synaptic events activated by calcium influx through CP-AMPARs remain unknown. I took advantage of genetically altered mice without (GluR2-/-) or with reduced GluR2 (GluR2+/-), thus allowing the expression and detailed analysis of synaptic CP-AMPARs in hippocampal pyramidal neurons. Utilizing electrophysiological techniques, I demonstrated that these receptors were capable of inducing numerous forms of long-term potentiation (referred to as CP-AMPAR-dependent LTP) through a number of different induction protocols, including high-frequency stimulation (HFS) and theta-burst stimulation (TBS). This included a previously undemonstrated form of protein-synthesis dependent late-LTP (L-LTP) at CA1 synapses that is NMDA-receptor (NMDAR) independent. This form of plasticity was completely blocked by the selective CP-AMPAR inhibitor IEM-1460. Surprisingly, calcium/calmodulin-dependent kinase II (CaMKII), the key protein kinase that is indispensable for NMDAR-dependent LTP at CA1 synapses appeared to be not required for the induction of CP-AMPAR-dependent LTP due to the lack of effect of two separate pharmacological inhibitors (KN-62 and staurosporine) on this form of potentiation. Both KN-62 and staurosporine strongly inhibited NMDAR dependent LTP in control studies. In contrast, inhibitors for the extracellular signal-regulated kinase/mitogen-activated protein kinase (ERK/MAPK) cascade (PD98059 and U0126) significantly attenuated this CP-AMPAR-dependent LTP. Additional studies with knockout mice revealed that the ERK/MAPK signalling cascade is likely acting through p-21 activated kinase 1 (or PAK1, a Rho-GTPase associated kinase) dependent mechanisms. These results suggest that distinct synaptic signalling underlies GluR2-lacking CP-AMPAR-dependent LTP, and reinforces the recent notions that CP-AMPARs are important facilitators of synaptic plasticity in the brain.

Recent literature has shown that AMPA (α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid) receptors lacking the GluR2 subunit (thus calcium permeable) are widely expressed in the CNS, especially in interneurons and glia, where they contribute to synaptic transmission and plasticity. Studies have also indicated that calcium permeable AMPARs (CP-AMPARs) are expressed and participate in synaptic regulation in principal neurons, including hippocampal pyramidal neurons. Furthermore, CP-AMPARs and their resultant calcium influx are implicated in various pathophysiological conditions such as ischemia and seizures. However, the synaptic events activated by calcium influx through CP-AMPARs remain unknown. I took advantage of genetically altered mice without (GluR2-/-) or with reduced GluR2 (GluR2+/-), thus allowing the expression and detailed analysis of synaptic CP-AMPARs in hippocampal pyramidal neurons. Utilizing electrophysiological techniques, I demonstrated that these receptors were capable of inducing numerous forms of long-term potentiation (referred to as CP-AMPAR-dependent LTP) through a number of different induction protocols, including high-frequency stimulation (HFS) and theta-burst stimulation (TBS). This included a previously undemonstrated form of protein-synthesis dependent late-LTP (L-LTP) at CA1 synapses that is NMDA-receptor (NMDAR) independent. This form of plasticity was completely blocked by the selective CP-AMPAR inhibitor IEM-1460. Surprisingly, calcium/calmodulin-dependent kinase II (CaMKII), the key protein kinase that is indispensable for NMDAR-dependent LTP at CA1 synapses appeared to be not required for the induction of CP-AMPAR-dependent LTP due to the lack of effect of two separate pharmacological inhibitors (KN-62 and staurosporine) on this form of potentiation. Both KN-62 and staurosporine strongly inhibited NMDAR dependent LTP in control studies. In contrast, inhibitors for the extracellular signal-regulated kinase/mitogen-activated protein kinase (ERK/MAPK) cascade (PD98059 and U0126) significantly attenuated this CP-AMPAR-dependent LTP. Additional studies with knockout mice revealed that the ERK/MAPK signalling cascade is likely acting through p-21 activated kinase 1 (or PAK1, a Rho-GTPase associated kinase) dependent mechanisms. These results suggest that distinct synaptic signalling underlies GluR2-lacking CP-AMPAR-dependent LTP, and reinforces the recent notions that CP-AMPARs are important facilitators of synaptic plasticity in the brain.