This thesis is an ethnographic study of some of the principal social categories of the Rotinese, a population of approximately 100,000 living in the Timor area of Eastern Indonesia. Roti, the home land of the Rotinese where over 70,000 Rotinese still live, is a small island with a relatively high populatian density. Unlike other islands in Indonesia , Roti, the southernmost island of the archipelago is a dry land with few natural springs and subject to an irregular and inadequate monsoon rain. Because of this lack of water, the Rotinese are tappers of the lontar or palmyra palm (Borassus flabellifer L.). Yet they also cultivate rice, which is for them a prestige food, in both wet and dry rice fields, as well as a variety of mixed crops, including millet, sorghum and maize in well-fenced fields and gardens and they keep herds of water buffalo, sheep, goats, and horses which roam freely on unfenced land. Traditionally, the island of Roti is divided into eighteen self-ruling domains. From the early records of the Dutch East India Company, it is evident that most of these domains have existed as independent states for well over 250 years. In modern Indonesia, these same domains remain the administrative units of the island. Each domain is governed by its own Lord, who together with the lords of the various clans that make up the domain, presides at a flourishing court and makes decisions based upon the customary usage of that domain. Discourse and dispute are the first loves of the Rotinese. Rotinese society is hierarchical, with fixed classes of nobles and commoners. Nobles are ranked in status and belong to one of two clans, the clan of the Male-Lord and the clan of the Female or Sister-Lord. The Male-Lord who presides at court is the highest noble of the domain and is its political head, but he shares his temporal power with a Female-Lord or Lord-fetor. A dignitary, the Head of the Earth, of a commoner clan, traditionally regarded as the oldest clan of the domain, is the Male-Lord's ritual superior and, at court, is the traditional authority on customary usage. Each named clan recognized at court is distinguished by its separate traditions, rights, and privileges. Clans are compared to trees and like trees are of different size. Noble clans with their named lineages (or 'branches') are far more differentiated than are commoner clans. Some clans are highly exogamous for reasons of status or size; some are preferably exogamous; while other clans, not larger than small lineages, are strictly exogamous. A child's membership within his lineage is established by his father's payment of his mother's bridewealth. A woman, for whom bridewealth is not paid, contributes children to her brother's lineage. Marriage on Roti is not prescriptive, but the Rotinese do have alliances (described as the 'tying' of various kinds of bonds) and they do have preferred forms of cross-cousin marriage. The clans of the Male and Female Lords should, it is felt, be joined in alliance but each domain has its own special alliances between particular groups. Women, ranked according to the status of their lineage and their clan, are accorded different levels of bridewealth and are exchanged among descent groups to the formation of alliances. Alliances, once established, endure for three generations and the former wife-givers, a person's matrilateral affines, are his obligationary ritual protectors throughout his life. A person's a matrilateral affines are spoken of as the 'roots' by which a person grows and prospers; these all important relations are described by a variety of metaphors involving the imagery of planting and growing. The prefatory remarks outline some of the problems considered in the thesis: the concern with the control of water and women; the equation frequently drawn between women, water, and the moon; the distinction between marriageable and unmarriageable women; the categories of male and female as used to order society; the problem of dyadic and triadic classification and the pervasive metaphor of plant and tree. Chapter I is a general introduction, describing the island of Roti and ita political divisions, the distribution of the population and the linguistic position of Rotinese with its many dialects. The Botinese, in fact, possess two languages: an ordinary language and a ritual or poetic language. The ritual language, used on formal occasions, is based on an ordered pairing of all words and expressions. This language of dualism with its established corpus of chants and sayings is a collective expression of Rotinose wisdom. On the basis of statements in both ordinary and ritual language, Chapter I offers an analysis of the primary co-ordinates of the symbolic order and of the Rotinese concepts of order and perfection. Chapter II is a study of Rotinese modes of livelihood: the classification of the 'nine seeds' or crops of the Botinese, the male and female lontar palm, the various sacrificial corporations that organise work in the fields and the annual agricultural cycle. The lontar palm is given special attention because of its crucial importance to subsistence and also because of the symbolism it provides. Chapter II includes a discussion of the use of fencing in the establishment of land ownership or membership in a field corporation. The structure of the sacrificial corporations that control water is shown to be analogous to the structure of power and authority in the domain. The first half of Chapter III provides an examination of Rotinese ideas about the structure of the domain: the nature of social classes, the place of ritual authority, the division of temporal power, the structure of the court and the quality of 'maleness' which hierarchically orders the society. The second half of this chapter considers in detail the organization of a single domain, that of Termanu. A summarry is made of the principal legends of each clan and the rights and privileges these legends are said to validate. The ideal structure of the domain is compared with the actual existing organisation. The first half of Chapterr IV offers an analysis of the subdivisions of the clan: the lineages that regulate marriage and the individual property holding houses found scattered wherever there is sufficient water to maintain a household. The role of women and the incorporation of clients is also discussed. The second half of this chapter again deals with the domain of Termanu: the subdivisions of its clans and lineages. Detailed data are provided on the incorporation of a single client line and on a village area of the domain. Chapter V is an examination of marriage and alliance among the Rotinese. Agnatic relations are distinguished from affinal relations, particularly the matrilateral relations of the former wife-givers. Rotineae ideas on marriage are discussed as is the all important ritual role of the mother's brother. Finally the Rotinese relatioship terminology is considered as a system of reference, address and sentiment. Onoe appendix gives the ritual names of the island of Roti and its domains, while another appendixc gives two variant legends which argue the ritual ownership of a source of water in Baä, a small domain of central Roti. The thesis includes a comprehensive bibliography of Roti and a brief additional bibliography of other works used in the preparation of the thesis.

There is an increasing demand for higher precision when using Global Navigation Satellite Systems, GNSS, for positioning. The measurement uncertainty depends on multiple factors and one of them is the ionosphere. Due to the ionosphere being ionized and contains free electrons, satellite signals that propagates the ionosphere will be affected by the total electron content, TEC. There is no way to reduce the errors caused by the ionosphere for single frequency measuring, but it can be done for dual frequencies. The objective for this study was to compare different websites modeling results for disturbance on ground and ionospheric turbulence. Three websites were used in the comparison: Swedish SWEPOS, Norwegian seSolstorm and German IMPC. Due to different content on the websites, SWEPOS was compared with seSolstorm and IMPC was compared to seSolstorm on five different dates. In total 10 comparisons were made. The websites were evaluated on four criteria, designed from the point of view of a land surveyor: user friendliness, graphical representation, knowledge requirement and mobile website adaptation. Each criterion was graded on a scale from 1–5, where 5 was considered the best. The study showed that the modeling results from the websites differed and that the difference can not only be explained by different graphical representation or scales for measure. The results for the evaluation and grading of the websites where as follows: SWEPOS 16, seSolstorm 13 and IMPC 12. This makes SWEPOS the best suited website to use for a land surveyor. / Vid positionsbestämning finns det ett behov av högre precision vid användandet av Global Navigation Satellite Systems, GNSS. Mätosäkerheten beror av ett flertal faktorer och en av dem är jonosfären. Tack vare att jonosfären är joniserad och innehåller fria elektroner kommer satellitsignaler som färdas genom jonosfären att påverkas av det totala elektroninnehållet, TEC. Det finns idag inget sätt för enkel frekvensmätning att eliminera den mätosäkerhet som uppstår till följd av jonosfäriska störningar, däremot är det möjligt att modellera för dessa störningar då två frekvenser används. Målet för denna studie var att jämföra olika webbplatsers modelleringsresultat för störningar på marknivå och för jonosfärisk turbulens. Tre webbplatser användes i jämförelsen: svenska SWEPOS, norska seSolstorm och tyska IMPC. På grund av att hemsidorna hade olika innehåll gällande modelleringar jämfördes SWEPOS med seSolstorm, medan IMPC jämfördes med seSolstorm. Totalt gjordes 10 jämförelser för fem olika datum. Webbplatserna utvärderades utifrån fyra kriterier vilka var utformade utifrån en mätteknikers synvinkel: användarvänlighet, grafisk representation, kunskapsbehov och mobil webbplatsanpassning. Varje kriterium betygsattes på en skala från 1–5, där 5 ansågs vara det bästa. Studien visade att modelleringsresultaten från webbplatserna skilde sig åt och att skillnaden inte kunde förklaras med olika grafiska framställningar eller skalstorlek. Resultaten för utvärdering och betygsättning av webbplatserna var följande: SWEPOS 16, seSolstorm 13 och IMPC 12. Detta gjorde SWEPOS till den bäst lämpade webbplatsen att använda för en mättekniker.

Ce travail a pour objet d’étudier les variations régulières de l’ionosphère aux moyennes et basses latitudes ainsi que l’impact de différents événements solaires sur l’ionisation. Pour quantifier ces variations, nous utiliserons les réseaux GPS qui permettent de mesurer le Contenu Total Electronique (TEC).Ce travail s’inscrit dans le cadre du projet ISWI. L’étude comprendra une analyse morphologique sur les variations régulières de l’ionisation en période de soleil calme (variation diurne, saisonnière et en fonction du cycle solaire) par le traitement de stations GPS en Europe et en Afrique sur la période analysée (2000 à 2014);les variations perturbées de l’ionosphère associées à des événements solaires retenus selon une grille de critères; L’analyse de l’indice ROTI afin d’étudier les scintillations ionosphériques génératrices d’une dégradation du positionnement aux basses latitudes et en particulier en Afrique.L’étude se poursuivra par la comparaison avec les modèles existants afin d’identifier leurs performances:le modèle NeQuick2, logiciel de modélisation du profil vertical médian l’ionosphère,Le modèle IONEX/CODG qui est une cartographie journalière du TEC en des positions spatiales et temporelles particulières et issu du post-traitement des mesures GPS sur une couverture mondiale.Le troisième volet de cette étude sera de donner des perspectives pour une éventuelle prévision de l’impact d'événements solaires particuliers sur l’ionosphère, par exemple la modélisation des gradients en période magnétiquement perturbée et la prévision de la présence du phénomène de scintillation ionosphérique sur certains trajets satellite-sol. / This work aims to study the regular variations of the ionosphere at middle and low latitudes and the impact of various events on solar ionization. To quantify these changes, we will use GPS networks to measure the Total Electronic Content (TEC) .This work is part of the project ISWI. The study will include a morphological analysis on regular variations in the ionization time of the Quiet Sun (diurnal variation, seasonal and based on the solar cycle) for the treatment of GPS stations in Europe and Africa over the period analyzed (2000 to 2014); variations disturbed ionosphere associated with solar events selected according to a set of criteria; Analysis of the ROTI index to study the ionospheric scintillation generating degradation positioning at low latitudes and especially Africa.The study will continue with the comparison with existing models in order to identify their performance: the NeQuick2 model modeling software profile of the median vertical ,the ionospheric model IONEX / CODG which is a daily mapping TEC in specific spatial and temporal positions and from the post-processing of GPS measurements on a third coverage mondiale.The component of this study will give prospects for a possible anticipation of the impact of specific solar events on the ionosphere, such modeling gradients in magnetically disturbed period and prediction of the presence of ionospheric scintillation event on some ground-satellite paths.