A introdução de variedades transgênicas de soja provocou grandes alterações no mercado mundial e na legislação de países produtores e compradores, principalmente no que se refere à certificação, rastreabilidade, biossegurança e rotulagem. A soja é responsável por quase metade das receitas com exportação do Brasil, estando presente na forma de matéria-prima ou ingrediente em parte significativa dos alimentos no mercado brasileiro. O limite estabelecido de 1,0 % para presença de transgênicos em alimentos, acima do qual a rotulagem passa a ser obrigatória, gerou a demanda por materiais de referência para controle e quantificação em matérias-primas e alimentos, para harmonização e uniformização dos resultados obtidos em diferentes equipamentos e laboratórios, atualmente produzidos com exclusividade pelo Instituto de Materiais de Referência e Medidas - IRMM, na Bélgica. Diante do alto custo e da dificuldade de obtenção destes produtos, foram elaborados, utilizando-se técnica de moagem e mistura criogênica, com verificação por PCR em tempo real, candidatos a materiais de referência para soja transgênica Roundup Ready® (soja RR) em pó nas concentrações de 0%, 0,1%, 0,5%, 1,0%, 2,0% e 5% de material transgênico. Para rastrear a origem da soja transgênica, aplicou-se o método de marcadores AFLP sobre 29 variedades de soja RR, sendo 21 argentinas e 8 brasileiras, encontrando-se 6 bandas polimórficas, produtos de 4 pares de primers, selecionados de um total de 67 reações usando diferentes combinações de primers seletivos. Por este método, foram caracterizadas 15 das variedades argentinas e todas as variedades brasileiras. Para alimentos processados em análise de PCR, adotou-se a estratégia de detecção de fragmentos curtos (cerca de 100 pb) de soja RR, com desenho de primers usando programas computacionais de livre acesso na Internet (Primer3, NetPrimer, Rebase) e validação por digestão com endonucleases e sequenciamento. Foram estabelecidos dois novos conjuntos de primers para detecção e quantificação de fragmentos dos genes da lectina e CP4 EPSPS de soja RR, testados nas 29 variedades de soja RR e três matrizes de alimentos à base de soja / The introduction of soybean transgenic cultivars brought several changes in both world trade and regulation rules for producers and consumers, mainly in relation to certification, traceability, biosafety and labeling. Soybean is one of the largest commodities in the world trade and responsible for half of the Brazilian export incomings, present as raw material or ingredient in significant part of foods in the local market. The adoption of the threshold of 1,0 % for nonintentional presence of GMO in food, requiring obligatory labeling for contents above this level, demands reference materials for the control and quantification of transgenics in raw material and processed food, allowing the harmonization of results from different methods and laboratories, currently being produced exclusively by the Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements - IRMM, in Belgium. Due to the high costs and difficulty to obtain these products, candidate reference materials of Roundup Ready® transgenic soybean (RR soybean) were produced at levels of 0 %, 0,1 %, 0,5 %, 1,0 %, 2,0 % and 5,0 % of transgenic material, using cryogenic milling and mixing techniques, with subsequent verification by real time PCR. Tracing of Roundup Ready cultivars by origin was done through AFLP molecular markers in a total of 29 RR soybean cultivars: 21 Argentinean and 8 Brazilian cultivars. Fingerprinting was possible in 15 Argentinean and all Brazilian cultivars through 6 bands obtained from 4 selective pairs of primers, singled out from 67 different combinations of selective primers. For PCR analysis of processed food, primers were designed using freeware sources over the Internet (Primer3, NetPrimer, Rebase) for short fragments amplification (around 100 bp). Primers sets for the amplification of lectin and CP4 EPSPS gene fragments from RR soybean were designed for the detection of these genes in the 29 RR soybean cultivars and three soybean based food matrices, with the results validated by endonucleases digestion and sequencing

A introdução de variedades transgênicas de soja provocou grandes alterações no mercado mundial e na legislação de países produtores e compradores, principalmente no que se refere à certificação, rastreabilidade, biossegurança e rotulagem. A soja é responsável por quase metade das receitas com exportação do Brasil, estando presente na forma de matéria-prima ou ingrediente em parte significativa dos alimentos no mercado brasileiro. O limite estabelecido de 1,0 % para presença de transgênicos em alimentos, acima do qual a rotulagem passa a ser obrigatória, gerou a demanda por materiais de referência para controle e quantificação em matérias-primas e alimentos, para harmonização e uniformização dos resultados obtidos em diferentes equipamentos e laboratórios, atualmente produzidos com exclusividade pelo Instituto de Materiais de Referência e Medidas - IRMM, na Bélgica. Diante do alto custo e da dificuldade de obtenção destes produtos, foram elaborados, utilizando-se técnica de moagem e mistura criogênica, com verificação por PCR em tempo real, candidatos a materiais de referência para soja transgênica Roundup Ready® (soja RR) em pó nas concentrações de 0%, 0,1%, 0,5%, 1,0%, 2,0% e 5% de material transgênico. Para rastrear a origem da soja transgênica, aplicou-se o método de marcadores AFLP sobre 29 variedades de soja RR, sendo 21 argentinas e 8 brasileiras, encontrando-se 6 bandas polimórficas, produtos de 4 pares de primers, selecionados de um total de 67 reações usando diferentes combinações de primers seletivos. Por este método, foram caracterizadas 15 das variedades argentinas e todas as variedades brasileiras. Para alimentos processados em análise de PCR, adotou-se a estratégia de detecção de fragmentos curtos (cerca de 100 pb) de soja RR, com desenho de primers usando programas computacionais de livre acesso na Internet (Primer3, NetPrimer, Rebase) e validação por digestão com endonucleases e sequenciamento. Foram estabelecidos dois novos conjuntos de primers para detecção e quantificação de fragmentos dos genes da lectina e CP4 EPSPS de soja RR, testados nas 29 variedades de soja RR e três matrizes de alimentos à base de soja / The introduction of soybean transgenic cultivars brought several changes in both world trade and regulation rules for producers and consumers, mainly in relation to certification, traceability, biosafety and labeling. Soybean is one of the largest commodities in the world trade and responsible for half of the Brazilian export incomings, present as raw material or ingredient in significant part of foods in the local market. The adoption of the threshold of 1,0 % for nonintentional presence of GMO in food, requiring obligatory labeling for contents above this level, demands reference materials for the control and quantification of transgenics in raw material and processed food, allowing the harmonization of results from different methods and laboratories, currently being produced exclusively by the Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements - IRMM, in Belgium. Due to the high costs and difficulty to obtain these products, candidate reference materials of Roundup Ready® transgenic soybean (RR soybean) were produced at levels of 0 %, 0,1 %, 0,5 %, 1,0 %, 2,0 % and 5,0 % of transgenic material, using cryogenic milling and mixing techniques, with subsequent verification by real time PCR. Tracing of Roundup Ready cultivars by origin was done through AFLP molecular markers in a total of 29 RR soybean cultivars: 21 Argentinean and 8 Brazilian cultivars. Fingerprinting was possible in 15 Argentinean and all Brazilian cultivars through 6 bands obtained from 4 selective pairs of primers, singled out from 67 different combinations of selective primers. For PCR analysis of processed food, primers were designed using freeware sources over the Internet (Primer3, NetPrimer, Rebase) for short fragments amplification (around 100 bp). Primers sets for the amplification of lectin and CP4 EPSPS gene fragments from RR soybean were designed for the detection of these genes in the 29 RR soybean cultivars and three soybean based food matrices, with the results validated by endonucleases digestion and sequencing

Essa pesquisa buscou comparar as tecnologias transgênica (soja RR e manejo com glifosato) e convencional (soja e manejo convencionais) quanto à maior tolerância à ferrugem asiática (Phakopsora pachyrhizi) e obtenção de genótipos promissores para produtividade de grãos (PG) e tamanho das sementes (representado pelo peso de cem sementes, PCS). Foram avaliadas 200 progênies F2:5 e F2:6 oriundas de dois dialelos parciais 5 x 2, ambos com cinco genitores de alta produtividade de óleo (USP 70.108, USP 70.010, USP 70.113, USP 70.007 e USP 70.042) em cruzamentos com: (1) duas cultivares elites convencionais (BRS 133 e Conquista); (2) suas versões essencialmente derivadas transgênicas (BRS 245 RR e BRS Valiosa RR). Os experimentos envolveram: a) dois manejos com herbicidas, manejo convencional para soja convencional e manejo com glifosato para a soja RR; b) dois manejos de fungicidas, sendo um experimento com aplicações sucessivas de Opera & Nativo (O&N, para controle da ferrugem e das doenças de final de ciclo, DFC) e outro experimento com aplicações de Derosal para controle apenas das DFC. O efeito da ferrugem para cada genótipo foi expresso pela taxa de reação da ferrugem sobre a produtividade (FP) e o tamanho das sementes (FT), calculados pelas diferenças entre médias ajustadas de PG e PCS nos dois experimentos com fungicidas. As comparações foram feitas em análises de variância, testes de médias e de parâmetros de capacidade de combinação. O controle da ferrugem com fungicidas (O&N) resultou em maiores médias de PG e PCS. Houve grande variação entre os efeitos de capacidades geral e específica, com destaque dos genitores USP 70.108, USP 70.010 e BRS 133 para PG e FP. O genitor mais divergente e com dominância positiva para PG foi USP 70.042. As duas tecnologias foram numericamente semelhantes para tolerância à ferrugem (FP e FT). A tecnologia convencional apresentou a vantagem de ser estatisticamente mais produtiva (PG e PCS) do que a tecnologia transgênica. Por outro lado, a tecnologia transgênica tem a vantagem de ter uso mais fácil e menor custo de cultivo aos produtores. / This research aimed to compare the performance of transgenic (RR soybean and management with glyphosate) and conventional (conventional soybean and herbicides) technologies for tolerance to rust (Phakopsora pachyrhizi ) and obtaining promising genotypes for seed yield and size (represented by the weight of one hundred seeds, PCS). A total of 200 progenies were evaluated in F2:5 and F2:6 generations; these progenies were obtained in two partial diallel 5 x 2, both involving five parents with high oil yield (USP 70.108, USP 70.010, USP 70.113, USP 70.007 and USP 70.042) in crosses with: (1) two elites conventional cultivars (BRS 133 and Conquista); (2) their essentially derived transgenic versions (BRS 245 RR and BRS Valiosa RR). The experiments involved: a) two managements with herbicides: conventional management for conventional soybean and management based in glyphosate herbicide to RR soybean; b) two managements with fungicides: an experiment with successive applications of Opera & Native (O&N, fungicides that control rust and late season leaf diseases, DFC), and another experiment with Derosal applications (fungicide that controls only DFC). The effect of rust for each genotype was expressed by the rate of reaction to rust on seed yield (FP) and on seed size (FT) as calculated from the differences in seed yield (PG) and seed size (PCS) between adjusted means in the two experiments with different fungicides. The soybean genotypes were compared by analysis of variance, multiple comparisons and parameter estimation of combining ability. In general, the control of rust with fungicides (O&N) resulted in higher means of PG and PCS. There was great variation among the effects of general and specific combining abilities, with major outstanding of USP 70.108, USP 70.010, and BRS 133 parents for PG and FP. The parent USP 70.042 was the most divergent and showed positive dominance for PG. Both technologies were numerically similar for FP and FT. The conventional technology has the advantage to be statistically more productive (PG and PCS) than transgenic technology. However, the transgenic technology has the advantage to be easier to use and less expensive to soybean producers.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T16:24:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Janine Mesquita Goncalves.pdf: 4483420 bytes, checksum: b7bd509097f70a385369f3019e4dad00 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-02-27 / The soybean is grown and consumed throughout the world. Brazilian production is concentrated mainly in the Mid-South. However, few studies on the accumulation of nutrients are made for improving the efficiency of production processes. We talk about the best fertilizer and sophisticated defensive, but if the plant does not respond well to all these stimuli do not result in profits for producers and more food for the population. The advent of transgenic cultivars reduced production costs, but the accumulation of nutrients in these plants is unknown. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the accumulation of nutrients in conventional and transgenic cultivars subjected to the same conditions. The experiment was conducted at the Federal Institute Goiano - Urutaí Campus, from 12 November 2010 to 15 April 2011. We collected whole soybean plants at 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 days after planting. The plants were taken to the laboratory washed in tap water and divided into stems, leaves, flowers and pods, passed in distilled water, dried in a forced air at 70 ° C and ground in Willey type mill. We analyzed the N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn. The results were subjected to analysis of variance, means and regression testing. It was concluded that the greatest accumulation of biomass and thus nutrient does not guarantee high yields in soybean. / A cultura da soja é plantada e consumida em todo o mundo. A produção brasileira concentra-se principalmente na região Centro-Sul. Porém, poucos estudos sobre o acúmulo de nutrientes são realizados para melhoria da eficiência dos processos produtivos. Fala-se em melhores adubos e sofisticados defensivos, mas se a planta não responder bem a todos estes estímulos, não resultará em lucros para os produtores e mais alimentos para a população. O advento das cultivares transgênicas reduziram os custos de produção, porém o acúmulo de nutrientes nestas plantas é desconhecido. Para tanto, este estudo teve por objetivo avaliar o acúmulo de nutrientes em cultivares convencionais e transgênicas submetidas às mesmas condições. O experimento foi conduzido no Instituto Federal Goiano Campus Urutaí, no período de 12 de novembro de 2010 a 15 de abril de 2011. Foram coletadas plantas inteiras de soja aos 20, 40, 60, 80 e 100 dias após o plantio. As plantas foram levadas para o laboratório lavadas em água corrente e divididas em caules, folhas, inflorescências e vagens, passadas em água destilada, secas em estufa de circulação forçada de ar a 70 ºC e trituradas em moinho tipo Willey. Foram analisados os nutrientes N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Cu, Fe, Mn e Zn. Os resultados foram submetidos à análise de variância, testes de médias e regressão. Concluiu-se que o maior acúmulo de fitomassa e consequentemente de nutrientes não garante altas produtividades na cultura da soja.

Essa pesquisa buscou comparar as tecnologias transgênica (soja RR e manejo com glifosato) e convencional (soja e manejo convencionais) quanto à maior tolerância à ferrugem asiática (Phakopsora pachyrhizi) e obtenção de genótipos promissores para produtividade de grãos (PG) e tamanho das sementes (representado pelo peso de cem sementes, PCS). Foram avaliadas 200 progênies F2:5 e F2:6 oriundas de dois dialelos parciais 5 x 2, ambos com cinco genitores de alta produtividade de óleo (USP 70.108, USP 70.010, USP 70.113, USP 70.007 e USP 70.042) em cruzamentos com: (1) duas cultivares elites convencionais (BRS 133 e Conquista); (2) suas versões essencialmente derivadas transgênicas (BRS 245 RR e BRS Valiosa RR). Os experimentos envolveram: a) dois manejos com herbicidas, manejo convencional para soja convencional e manejo com glifosato para a soja RR; b) dois manejos de fungicidas, sendo um experimento com aplicações sucessivas de Opera & Nativo (O&N, para controle da ferrugem e das doenças de final de ciclo, DFC) e outro experimento com aplicações de Derosal para controle apenas das DFC. O efeito da ferrugem para cada genótipo foi expresso pela taxa de reação da ferrugem sobre a produtividade (FP) e o tamanho das sementes (FT), calculados pelas diferenças entre médias ajustadas de PG e PCS nos dois experimentos com fungicidas. As comparações foram feitas em análises de variância, testes de médias e de parâmetros de capacidade de combinação. O controle da ferrugem com fungicidas (O&N) resultou em maiores médias de PG e PCS. Houve grande variação entre os efeitos de capacidades geral e específica, com destaque dos genitores USP 70.108, USP 70.010 e BRS 133 para PG e FP. O genitor mais divergente e com dominância positiva para PG foi USP 70.042. As duas tecnologias foram numericamente semelhantes para tolerância à ferrugem (FP e FT). A tecnologia convencional apresentou a vantagem de ser estatisticamente mais produtiva (PG e PCS) do que a tecnologia transgênica. Por outro lado, a tecnologia transgênica tem a vantagem de ter uso mais fácil e menor custo de cultivo aos produtores. / This research aimed to compare the performance of transgenic (RR soybean and management with glyphosate) and conventional (conventional soybean and herbicides) technologies for tolerance to rust (Phakopsora pachyrhizi ) and obtaining promising genotypes for seed yield and size (represented by the weight of one hundred seeds, PCS). A total of 200 progenies were evaluated in F2:5 and F2:6 generations; these progenies were obtained in two partial diallel 5 x 2, both involving five parents with high oil yield (USP 70.108, USP 70.010, USP 70.113, USP 70.007 and USP 70.042) in crosses with: (1) two elites conventional cultivars (BRS 133 and Conquista); (2) their essentially derived transgenic versions (BRS 245 RR and BRS Valiosa RR). The experiments involved: a) two managements with herbicides: conventional management for conventional soybean and management based in glyphosate herbicide to RR soybean; b) two managements with fungicides: an experiment with successive applications of Opera & Native (O&N, fungicides that control rust and late season leaf diseases, DFC), and another experiment with Derosal applications (fungicide that controls only DFC). The effect of rust for each genotype was expressed by the rate of reaction to rust on seed yield (FP) and on seed size (FT) as calculated from the differences in seed yield (PG) and seed size (PCS) between adjusted means in the two experiments with different fungicides. The soybean genotypes were compared by analysis of variance, multiple comparisons and parameter estimation of combining ability. In general, the control of rust with fungicides (O&N) resulted in higher means of PG and PCS. There was great variation among the effects of general and specific combining abilities, with major outstanding of USP 70.108, USP 70.010, and BRS 133 parents for PG and FP. The parent USP 70.042 was the most divergent and showed positive dominance for PG. Both technologies were numerically similar for FP and FT. The conventional technology has the advantage to be statistically more productive (PG and PCS) than transgenic technology. However, the transgenic technology has the advantage to be easier to use and less expensive to soybean producers.

Soil is an important ecosystem that supports a wide variety of organisms such as bacteria, fungi, arthropods and nematodes. This sensitive ecosystem may be influenced by various factors, including agricultural management practices. With the introduction of genetically modified (GM) glyphosate-tolerant (RoundUp ® Ready: RR) crops, herbicides such as glyphosate have been increasingly used. However, little is known about the effect of glyphosate on the biological communities in these herbicide-sprayed soils. With the intimate proximity that microorganisms and nematodes have with the roots of plants, these organisms can be used to assess changes that may occur in the soil surrounding roots of RR crops. The aim of this study was to determine microbial community structure and nematode diversity, with emphasis on that of non-parasitic nematodes, in soil samples from conventional soybean (CS) - and RR- soybean fields compared to that in adjacent natural veld (NV) areas. Samples were collected from twenty three sites at six localities that are situated within the soybean-production areas of South Africa. These sites represented fields where RR and CS soybean grew, as well as surrounding NV. All RR fields have been treated with glyphosate for no less than five years. Microbial community structures of the twenty three sites in the RR, CS and NV ecosystems were determined by phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analyses. Nematode diversity was determined by extracting the nematodes from soil samples and conducting a faunal analysis. Soil physical and chemical properties were determined by an independent laboratory, Eco-Analytica (North West University, Potchefstroom) according to standard procedures. Results from this study indicated differences in microbial community structure between the various localities. However, there were no significant (p ≤ 0.05) differences in microbial community structures between RR- and CS ecosystems. Soils of both RR- and CS crops were primarily dominated by bacteria. Nematode identification and faunal analysis also indicated no significant (p ≤ 0.05) differences between the different non-parasitic/beneficial nematodes that were present in soils of these two ecosystems during the time of sampling. Non-parasitic nematode communities were primarily dominated by bacterivores. A faunal analysis indicated that most of the sites contained enriched, but unstructured soil food-webs. However, four of the sites showed enriched and structured food webs due to the presence of non-parasitic nematodes with high coloniser-persister (cp) values. Relationships between non-parasitic nematode – and microbial communities showed that there was a positive relationship between nematode functional groups and their corresponding microbial prey. From the results obtained in this study, it can be concluded that the community structures of both non-parasitic nematodes and microorganisms shared similarities. These community structures showed no long-term detrimental effects of glyphosate application in the soils surrounding roots of RR soybean crops. Relationships existed between non-parasitic nematode and microbial communities in the rhizosphere of soybean crops and natural veld. For example, bacterivore nematodes had a strong positive relationship with gram-negative bacteria. Similar but weaker relationships also existed between carnivores, omnivores, plantparasitic nematodes and gram-negative bacteria. A positive relationship also existed between fungivores and fungal fatty acids. This emphasises the value of these organisms as indicators of soil health and also the impact that agricultural practices can have on soils. / MSc (Environmental Sciences), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

Soil is an important ecosystem that supports a wide variety of organisms such as bacteria, fungi, arthropods and nematodes. This sensitive ecosystem may be influenced by various factors, including agricultural management practices. With the introduction of genetically modified (GM) glyphosate-tolerant (RoundUp ® Ready: RR) crops, herbicides such as glyphosate have been increasingly used. However, little is known about the effect of glyphosate on the biological communities in these herbicide-sprayed soils. With the intimate proximity that microorganisms and nematodes have with the roots of plants, these organisms can be used to assess changes that may occur in the soil surrounding roots of RR crops. The aim of this study was to determine microbial community structure and nematode diversity, with emphasis on that of non-parasitic nematodes, in soil samples from conventional soybean (CS) - and RR- soybean fields compared to that in adjacent natural veld (NV) areas. Samples were collected from twenty three sites at six localities that are situated within the soybean-production areas of South Africa. These sites represented fields where RR and CS soybean grew, as well as surrounding NV. All RR fields have been treated with glyphosate for no less than five years. Microbial community structures of the twenty three sites in the RR, CS and NV ecosystems were determined by phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analyses. Nematode diversity was determined by extracting the nematodes from soil samples and conducting a faunal analysis. Soil physical and chemical properties were determined by an independent laboratory, Eco-Analytica (North West University, Potchefstroom) according to standard procedures. Results from this study indicated differences in microbial community structure between the various localities. However, there were no significant (p ≤ 0.05) differences in microbial community structures between RR- and CS ecosystems. Soils of both RR- and CS crops were primarily dominated by bacteria. Nematode identification and faunal analysis also indicated no significant (p ≤ 0.05) differences between the different non-parasitic/beneficial nematodes that were present in soils of these two ecosystems during the time of sampling. Non-parasitic nematode communities were primarily dominated by bacterivores. A faunal analysis indicated that most of the sites contained enriched, but unstructured soil food-webs. However, four of the sites showed enriched and structured food webs due to the presence of non-parasitic nematodes with high coloniser-persister (cp) values. Relationships between non-parasitic nematode – and microbial communities showed that there was a positive relationship between nematode functional groups and their corresponding microbial prey. From the results obtained in this study, it can be concluded that the community structures of both non-parasitic nematodes and microorganisms shared similarities. These community structures showed no long-term detrimental effects of glyphosate application in the soils surrounding roots of RR soybean crops. Relationships existed between non-parasitic nematode and microbial communities in the rhizosphere of soybean crops and natural veld. For example, bacterivore nematodes had a strong positive relationship with gram-negative bacteria. Similar but weaker relationships also existed between carnivores, omnivores, plantparasitic nematodes and gram-negative bacteria. A positive relationship also existed between fungivores and fungal fatty acids. This emphasises the value of these organisms as indicators of soil health and also the impact that agricultural practices can have on soils. / MSc (Environmental Sciences), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

面對未來全球人口成長、可耕地減少等現象，生物技術在農業上的應用日益增加。其中，基因改造技術等基因層次相關的平臺應用技術更是提升農作物價值的關鍵—透過跨物種功能應用，大幅提升育種效率。自1996年基改作物商業化種植開始至今，美國都是全球最大種植國家，也是基改作物研發先驅國家。生技農業政策以及和基因改造作物有關法規之制訂使基改作物在美國蓬勃發展，尤其是專利保護對於種子產業之影響尤為深遠。專利權所提供的完善保護使大量資本進入種子產業，投入資源將農業生物技術應用於種子培育上，此舉也促成Monsanto等跨國農業生技公司之興起，主導全球基因改造作物之市場。 Monsanto將研發重心放在基改種子之研發，其在生技種子相關營業比重遠高於同業，同時，其投入特殊性狀之基改種子研發之回收遠高於其他公司之相同營業項目之投資報酬率。Monsanto積極藉由併購取得基因、基因轉殖技術以及種子種源。掌握關鍵基因、基因轉殖技術以及大量且優良種源使含有Monsanto轉殖基因作物在市場上佔有極大的比例。在美國，超過一半以上之主要作物種植面積為基因改造作物，尤其是基因改造大豆，佔大豆總種植面積之比例高達94%。市面上絕大多數基改大豆係Monsanto的抗嘉磷塞（RounupReady，RR1Y）基改大豆種子。藉由智慧財產保護策略，Monsanto並進一步限制RR1Y及其他基改作物之使用方式。 惟RR1Y專利將在2014年到期，農民可在2014年時留種種植基改大豆種子而不用每年購買種子，或購買學名（generic）抗嘉磷塞轉基因大豆種子。在美國所種植之大豆約有四成會外銷，而外銷國家基改作物規範法規是出口與否之關鍵。若未取得歐盟、中國等主要外銷國家基改作物主管機關之批准，呈交包括基因之轉殖植物對環境衝擊之風險評估、包含該基因之轉殖植物所製成食品之安全性評估等基改作物資訊，則抗嘉磷塞基因大豆無法進入該國糧食市場。然而，在目前美國農業生技基改作物相關規範下，學名基改種子廠必須在專利種子專利到期後，才能進行實驗及田間試驗，呈交相關資料以符合基改作物主管機關之要求。透過建立學名基改作物快速獲得核准查驗登記之程序，允許學名廠依賴專利基改作物原廠之實驗及田間試驗資料以建立其學名基改作物之安全性與性狀表現有效性，同時，允許學名基改作物在原基改作物開發廠專利期滿前即可開始進行試驗，可以使學名抗嘉磷塞大豆種子以及其他學名基改種子能在原專利基改作物種子專利到期後順利進入市場，促使基改作物種子價格競爭，並對於專利基改作物研發公司進行適度之補償，以促進產業發展。 / The development of new technologies in plant breeding has led to improvements in the efficiency scientists produce improved plant varieties. Genetic modification is among the developments that support plant breeding. The introduction of genetically modified crops has revolutionized the agriculture industry. With patent protection available on GM traits, varieties and other aspects of seed production, private R&D investments in the seed industry have increased tremendously. Monsanto has been the leading company in investing agricultural biotechnology and has obtained a dominant position in the GM traits found in soybeans, cotton, corn and other commercialized crops. Currently, over 90 percent of soybeans planted in the United States were herbicide-resistant, with Monsanto’s Roundup Ready being the dominant soybeans planted. In 2014, however, the agriculture industry will be facing the expiration of a patent for Roundup Ready soybeans. Despiate the fact that the patent expiration date is approaching, the agricultural biotech industry has no guideline in place to tell its players exactly how to transition seamlessly from patent monopolies to generic competition. The transition problem is espectially significant for soybeans exported to oversea markets as more than 40 percent of the soybeans grown in the U.S. are exported. In order for those soybeans to be accepted in the grain channel, regulatory approvals are required in countries that import soybeans. Obtaining data, which includes scitific data on the trait being developed, for regulatory approvals can take years to complete. If a generic trait is to reach market immediately after the original trait go off patent, the data generation process should begin before patent expiration. A Hatch-Waxman type patent infringement defense for activities necessary to obtain regulatory approvals for biotech traits can ensure that seed companies have sufficient time to obtain registrations for a generic Roundup Ready trait or other generic traits. Current legislation should be modified to adequately oversee the transition to the generic use of genetically modified crops and, in the mean time, ensure the availability of generic modified crops.