Among the 44000-plus general managers employed in United States’ hotels in 1993, there were only 100 women, 15 African-Americans, and three African-American women. Additionally, less than 0.5 percent of corporate hospitality managers were women. Given this relative underrepresentation of European-American women and African-Americans, combined with the increasing diversity of hotel clientele and service providers, the purpose of this study is to broaden our understanding of the sources of inequitable occupational outcomes among race-gender groups in hotel management. Two research questions addressed are addressed (1) How are hotel management careers racialized and gendered?; and (2) How are the career experiences of African-American women who are hotel managers different from those of European-American women who are managers? A grounded hermeneutic research approach of joint collection, analysis, and contextualized interpretation of data was used. The data were collected using semistructured interviews with ten African-American women and five European-American iii women who are hotel managers. The constant comparative method of analysis yielded 58 critical difference defining incidents in which the women’s race and gender influenced their career experiences. Further analysis of these incidents yielded four conceptual categories: career stages, relationships, power resources, and human resource management practices. The women’s careers were racialized and gendered through (1) their relationships to European-American men, which (2) provided the women with different resources at each stage of their careers and (3) influenced the way their superiors, who were predominantly European-American men, applied human resource practices. The differences in the career experiences of the women who participated in this study were largely a result of their different positions in relation to European-American men. These relationships to European-American men were significant as the women described these men as “having an inborn advantage in this industry” and as “running things.” In the final chapter, I suggest actions hospitality practitioners, educators, and researchers can take to address several factors identified as contributing to the creation of inequitable career outcomes. / Ph. D.

archives@tulane.edu / 1 / David Cheney

Includes bibliography. / This study described the racial attitude development of South African primary school children in three racial groups. The sample consisted of black, white and coloured children from the Cape Town area. The study aimed to examine developmental patterns of own-group preference and out-group prejudice, as well as the efficacy of the Katz- Zalk Projective Prejudice Test (Katz and Zalk, 1976) in the South African context. Children of both sexes were included. Five age-groups were represented; 6 - 7 year olds, 7 - 8 year olds, 9 - 10 year olds, 10 - 11 year olds and 11 - 12 year olds. The instrument, (Katz-Zalk Projective Prejudice Test, Katz and Zalk, 1976) included slides showing black and white children in ambiguous school situations, and a corresponding questionnaire in which the subject indicated which child was the recipient or initiator of the action depicted in the slides. The test was administered to groups of approximately 30 children by a female test administrator of the same race as the subjects. The results from 416 subjects were analysed using a multivariate analysis of variance followed by univariate analyses of variance and Student Newman- Keuls follow up tests. These findings indicated the developmental pattern of own- group preference and out-group prejudice in the sample. Results from the white group showed a distinct trend, characterised by high own-group preference and high out- group prejudice. Both the preference and prejudice declined with age.

In the decades leading up to the twentieth century, social reformers and politicians, alarmed by Mormon political control (and polygamy) in Utah Territory, challenged Mormon whiteness and their competency for American citizenship. In re-examining Mormonism’s transition period, this study reveals how Mormon conformity to an encroaching American culture increased the movement’s exposure to discursive arguments on race-mixing, marriage, and eugenics that helped legitimize Mormon citizenship claims. Focusing on the themes of race, marriage, and citizenship, this thesis examines Mormonism’s racial transformation from not white to white as they assimilated and reified the racial ideology promoted by their Progressiveera contemporaries and asserted their own racial policies against peoples of African descent. Beyond revealing the ways in which race influenced Mormon acceptance into American society, this thesis also features Mormons more prominently in the history of the American West by contextualizing the development of a racial bureaucracy in Utah tasked with enforcing the state’s 1888 miscegenation law. Utah’s miscegenation law, while creating enduring and often devastating consequences for couples whose choices and desires took them across the color line, also helped transform Utah into a western place in the twentieth century.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Chronic pain is a costly health problem that affects more than 100 million people in the United States. Race differences exist in the way that pain is experienced and in how it is treated. Many biopsychosocial factors contribute to race differences in pain tolerance. Beliefs about race differences in pain sensitivity may be one of these factors. Previous research has identified that individuals’ explicit beliefs about their gender group influence their own pain tolerance on a cold pressor task. Explicit beliefs about race and pain sensitivity have also been identified but have yet to be linked to actual pain tolerance. Implicit beliefs about race are well documented; however, little is known about the extent to which individuals hold implicit beliefs about race differences in pain sensitivity or whether these beliefs contribute to actual race differences in pain. My thesis examined explicit and implicit beliefs about race and pain and explored whether these beliefs moderated race differences in pain tolerance. I found that White participants had a higher pain tolerance than Black participants on the cold pressor task, U=1165.50, p<.01. Participants held the explicit, t(131)=-6.83, p<.01, and implicit, t(131)=6.35, p<.01, belief that White people are more pain sensitive than Black people. Both explicit, b=-0.37, p=.71, and implicit, b=-21.87, p=.65, beliefs failed to moderate the relationship between race and pain tolerance. Further exploration indicated that participants’ comparisons of their own pain sensitivity to that of their race group moderated the relationship between race and pain tolerance, ⍵=4.40, p=.04. These results provide further insight into race differences in pain tolerance. Researchers may consider examining explicit and implicit beliefs about race differences in pain in health care providers to better understand disparities in pain related recommendations.

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Abstract This project is a literary study that will analyse the multiple ways in which whiteness is constructed within a selection of literary works by the South African novelist, Ivan Vladislavić. The texts chosen for this project are the “The Book Lover” and “Courage” in Propaganda by Monuments (1996), the novel The Restless Supermarket (2001) and his work The Exploded View (2004). These works display the various and complex ways identities are constructed in the context of a transitional period, and the varying degree of influence whiteness is given in different contexts.

The goal of this study is to examine racial residential segregation in U.S. metropolitan and nonmetropolitan areas. The study uses 1990-2010 decennial census data to answer a broad theoretical question: is the historical black-white color line being replaced by a black-nonblack or white-nonwhite color line? The results show that blackwhite segregation is higher than black-nonblack and white-nonwhite segregation in metropolitan areas, nonmetropolitan areas, and the United States as a whole. A multivariate analysis reveals that population size tends to be associated with higher segregation in metropolitan areas and lower segregation in nonmetropolitan areas. As a control variable, diversity seems to play an important role in segregation by U.S. region. The study concludes that further research is needed to examine how the color line might change, especially in nonmetropolitan areas, which experienced rapid minority population growth during the 2000s.

Heat has a history, both because temperatures changed and the way humans understand and experience those temperatures changed. This dissertation excavates that history by examining how southern heat—heat considered distinct to the subtropical American South—affected the social, economic, and political development of the United States. This dissertation argues that southern heat proved consequential for the nation as both a physical force and human construct, and that only by keeping the materiality of relatively high temperatures in conversation with the idea of heat does a full history of southern heat emerge. By looking at how humans interacted with southern heat, both mentally and physically over the course of southern history, it becomes clear that arguments about the climate of the southeastern United States, and disagreements about the essential nature of southern heat, were less debates about actual climatic conditions and the effects of high temperatures on the human body than they were contestations of values, manifestations of competing politics, divergent economic ambitions, and different visions of American society. Thus, over the course of American history, heat possessed a unique ability to cleave the South apart from the nation and place physical and biological distance between racialized bodies. Beginning at the end of the last Ice Age and ending with the widespread acceptance of anthropogenic climate change via greenhouse gas emissions in the 1980s, this dissertation traces how southern heat partitioned the American South from the rest of the country while also separating southerners from each other and other Americans by matters of degree.