archives@tulane.edu / 1 / Benjamin Groth

Cette thèse explore l’histoire sociale de la psychiatrie racialisée dans le Sud ségrégué et la médicalisation du corps noir du XIXe siècle jusqu’à l’époque contemporaine. En croisant les questionnements autour de la politisation de la science et des pratiques psychiatriques, ainsi que les notions de citoyenneté, de responsabilité et de droits civiques, elle étudie l’histoire des patients noirs en psychiatrie aux États-Unis et l’évolution des théories psychiatriques prenant pour cible l’altérité raciale. En s’appuyant sur un corpus d’archives personnelles de médecins, d’institutions de soins et de centres de recherche en psychiatrie, ainsi que sur une enquête qualitative réalisée auprès de psychiatres en Californie, elle montre la longue histoire des pratiques de discrimination raciale en médecine aux États-Unis et la construction de « l’apartheid médical » dans les hôpitaux du Sud depuis la fin du XIXe siècle. Ce travail retrace les différents régimes par lesquels la notion de race a été jugée pertinente par les psychiatres pour naturaliser les différences corporelles de la fin de l’esclavage jusqu’à l’époque contemporaine. Alors que la variable raciale commençait à être convoquée dans les études sur la folie à partir des années 1840, on observe, au cours du XIXe siècle, l’émergence d’un système de classification des pathologies et de routines appliquées aux corps noirs et blancs élaborés par les aliénistes sudistes pour contraindre et « guérir » les patients noirs dans des espaces séparés. En développant l’approche de la psychiatrie sociale et en fondant les premières cliniques urbaines dans les ghettos noirs dans le contexte de la Grande Migration, les psychiatres du Nord cherchaient par ailleurs à condamner à l’obsolescence les institutions ségréguées du Sud, et à réaffirmer la modernité de leurs propres pratiques. Ensuite, dans le contexte des années 1960, cette thèse montre l’intersection entre, d’une part, la politisation croissante de la recherche menée par les psychiatres sur la violence urbaine et, d’autre part, les représentations dans la littérature médicale des manifestants noirs, dont les comportements sont classés comme pathologiques. Enfin, ce travail aborde l’émergence de la psychiatrie anti-raciste durant le mouvement de désinstitutionnalisation et révèle les enjeux du développement d’unités psychiatriques dans lesquelles des psychiatres formulèrent une nouvelle approche, à partir des années 1980, en plaçant la notion de race, comprise comme un paradigme biologique et culturel, au cœur de la relation médecin-patient. L’enquête qualitative conduite au sein d’une de ces unités et de plusieurs cliniques de soins en Californie dévoile les représentations sociales complexes et souvent contradictoires de la race qui existent aujourd’hui pour les psychiatres américains, pour qui cette variable est comprise simultanément comme une variable biomédicale et comme une construction culturelle et sociale. En conjuguant la recherche historique sur les pratiques de soins aux méthodes empiriques de la sociologie, cette thèse démontre que la mémoire de la race irrigue les pratiques et les discours de la profession psychiatrique américaine, aussi bien dans les représentations que les médecins véhiculent des corps soignés, que dans les stratégies de naturalisation du social employées pour prendre en charge leurs patients. / This dissertation explores the social history of racialized psychiatry in the segregated South and the medicalization of the black body from the 19th century to contemporary times. By examining the politicization of science and psychiatric practices, while paying attention to notions of citizenship, responsibility and civil rights, it is possible to better understand the history of black psychiatric patients in the United States and the evolution of psychiatric theories that target racial otherness. Based on the personal archives of physicians, the records of care institutions and research centers in psychiatry, as well as on qualitative fieldwork conducted with psychiatrists in California, this dissertation shows the long history of racial discrimination practiced in medicine in the United States and the construction of a “medical apartheid” in Southern Hospitals since the late 19th century. This work retraces the different regimes by which the notion of race has been deemed relevant by psychiatrists to naturalize bodily differences from slavery up to the present day. While the racial variable began to be used in studies of madness from the 1840s onward, this dissertation reveals the emergence of a classification system for pathologies and routines applied to black and white bodies by Southern alienists, who sought to constrain and “heal” black bodies in separate spaces. By developing social psychiatry and by establishing the first urban clinics in the black ghettos in the context of the Great Migration, psychiatrists in the North also tried to condemn to obsolescence the segregated institutions of the South, and to reaffirm the modernity of their own practices. Moreover, in the context of the 1960s, this work shows the intersection between, on the one hand, the growing politicization of research conducted by psychiatrists on urban violence and, on the other hand, the representation of black protesters as pathological in the medical literature. Finally, this work addresses the emergence of anti-racist psychiatry during the beginnings of deinstitutionalization and focuses on the issues of the development of psychiatric units in which psychiatrists developed, from the 1980s onward, a new approach, placing the notion of race, understood as a biological and cultural paradigm, at the heart of the doctor-patient relationship. The qualitative survey conducted in one of these units and in several care clinics in California reveals the complex and often contradictory social representations of race that exist today for American psychiatrists, for whom this variable is understood simultaneously as a biomedical variable and as a cultural and social construct. By combining historical research on care practices with empirical methods of sociology, this dissertation demonstrates that the memory of race has long irrigated the discourses and practices of the American psychiatric profession: it is prevalent in the representations that the doctors employ when describing the bodies they treat, and it has contributed to no small degree in the naturalization of the social that has accompanied patient care

The Reactor Accelerator Coupling Experiments (RACE) are a set of neutron source driven subcritical experiments under temperature feedback conditions. These experiments will involve coupling an accelerator driven neutron source to a TRIGA reactor system in a subcritical configuration. The accelerator source will consist of a 40 MeV electron linear accelerator (LINAC) and a heavy metal target. The electrons from the accelerator produce bremsstrahlung radiation in the target which in turn produces a source of neutrons via photonuclear reactions. The available core at the The University of Texas at Austin (UT) with standard TRIGA fuel will be used to carry out these studies. The primary objective of this thesis was to study the feasibility of RACE especially with respect to the heat generation rates capable of placing the reactor in a temperature feedback regime. First, the accelerator target (or neutron source) was optimized for size, shape, and type of material to be used. Analyses were then performed for several arrangements of this target in the UT TRIGA reactor. One of these arrangements was found to provide heat generation rates well into the temperature feedback regime of the fuel. Lastly, a multi-target system [named the Texas Transmutation System (TTS)] was designed to allow for more detailed accelerator driven systems (ADS) studies. It was shown that this system would allow for operation over a wide-range of subcriticalities and with a wide-range of heat loads. Thus, the feasibility for these experiments has been proven, and it is recommended that continued study and implementation of these experiments be performed.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Open University. BLDSC no. DXN059292.

Thesis (M.A.C.E.)--Dallas Theological Seminary, 1995. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 97-99).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--McGill University, 1991. / Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 273-284).

No description available.

"South Asians" is usually an inclusive term to refer to ethnic minorities originating from countries like India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal and Sri Lanka. Despite the apparent concern with “South Asians” in Hong Kong society in recent years, such as pushing for legislation against racial discrimination and initiating social and educational programmes to help these minorities to better integrate into Hong Kong society, attention to irreducible cultural differences constituting their heterogeneity is still largely lacking. The thesis intends to take up the question of the South Asian minorities in the context of post-1997 Hong Kong. By looking at their everyday struggles in political, linguistic and cultural realms, the thesis tries to understand three key questions - first, how “South Asians” as a minority assert their political and democratic rights and practice their citizenship in the socio-political realm; second, how the cultural identities of ethnic minority children in their formative years are shaped by the tensions between the formal institutional schooling and language policies on the one hand, and traditions, religions, customs and bonding of neighborhood living in their communities on the other hand; third, how “South Asians” are portrayed as the other in the mainstream representation such as cinema and newspapers, despite the rising awareness against discrimination. The thesis seeks to challenge the ways mainstream Hong Kong Chinese represent these minorities and critique the deep cultural bias of racism and discrimination that prevent the fundamental opening up to the heterogeneity of the Other.

The way race works to shape politics is changing as demographic patterns alter the traditional dynamic of race relations throughout the United States. One pattern is the increased tendency of African-Americans and Latinos to reside in the same locality. While popular opinion suggests that such contexts should result in the formation of “rainbow coalitions,” several scholars have found evidence that inter-minority relations are characterized by high levels of political competition. One of the policy areas in which competition has been observed most often is education. This dissertation examines the conditions under which African-American/Latino relations are likely to be characterized by cooperation or conflict within the education policymaking process. It utilizes a survey of 1800 school districts, containing 96% of all urban districts in the United States. The results produced by this study, therefore, are applicable to nearly the entire universe of urban educational systems. Another unique aspect of this project is that, rather than focusing on relations at one stage of the policy process, it attempts to trace this dynamic through each stage. Thus, the dissertation begins with a look at the circumstances under which Black/Brown electoral coalitions will form in school board elections. The findings suggest that coalition formation is contingent upon structural contexts, specifically the presence of partisan elections, and upon the citizenship status of the Latino population within a district. The dissertation goes on to trace the cooperative and competitive forces that affect the hiring of African- American and Latino administrators and teachers. Lastly, I use theories of bureaucratic politics and racial context to study the quality of education received by minority students. I find that, controlling for other factors, more diverse school districts have more equitable educational policies. I also find evidence to support the contention that more diverse teaching faculties tend to result in beneficial outcomes for both African- American and Latino students.

Over-representation of black men in psychiatric detention is a matter of concern. At Rampton Hospital in the nineteen nineties thirty percent of male mentally ill admissions were Black Caribbean, increasingly born in the United Kingdom. Effects of this have been recorded and discussed by inquiries into secure psychiatric care. Research into the perceptions of treatment of Black Caribbean users of mental health services has been recommended. Adopting a sociological perspective has been urged especially methods that seek to understand participants in their own terms. The present study adopts an inductive phenomenological approach to reflect the beliefs of this population; and their views concerning effects of race, illness, treatment and punishment. All consenting members of the population were interviewed and this data audiotaped and transcribed. Reflexive analysis utilised Ethnograph, a program for qualitative analysis. A classification of types of qualitative analytic theory in relation to the use of qualitative analysis programs helped define theoretical claims for the analysis. Analytic techniques based on Grounded Theory were used to develop an organising system from the reduced data. Validation of transcripts and coding included both participants and independent experts. Stage One involved four interviews; followed by revision of the interview schedule. Stage Two involved nine further interviews. This data was combined with participant feedback from validation. The organising system of clearly defined coded categories and their relationships was used in executing an analytic strategy of matrix and network displays, which enhances analytic transparency. This first produced displays and narratives for each participant; data reduction, which then supported cross-case analysis of important emerging themes and an analysis of causal streams. These streams were combined in a causal model from which propositions were derived. This research is innovative with this population and in the methods of analysis adopted. Relationships of race, beliefs, identity, treatment and punishment to mode of detention, adaptation and compartmentalisation have emerged and been examined.