This thesis examines the relationship between the phenomenon of racial profiling in the post-9/11 context and section 15 of the Canadian Charter. More specifically, this thesis exposes and unravels the paradox whereby Canada's equality guarantee lacks potential to control or protect against racial profiling in the ‘war on terror’, despite the fact that especially acute and complex equality concerns are triggered by the practice. Chapter one explores the way in which the debate surrounding racial profiling has shifted and taken on distinctive features post-9/11. These changes to the debate give rise to heightened equality concerns and are complicated by the racialization of religion. Chapter two asks why Canada’s equality provision has been largely invisible in the criminal justice context through examining the conceptual relationship between the nature of the criminal justice system and the logics of section 15. Finally, chapter three addresses, in turn, the shape of racial profiling jurisprudence and the treatment of race and religion under section 15. I conclude with some comments about whether it is always correct to discuss racial profiling in the language of equality. / Graduate

What are the effects of profiling a minority group? I propose that being profiled lowers an individual's opinions of police as well as harms the police-community relationship. I analyze the results of a snowball sample consisting of qualitative interviews of six young African American males who think they have been racially profiled. The interviews were conducted in 2003 and 2004. A look at the process of racial profiling is included, and several explanations for law enforcement behavior emerged out of the interviews, including ideas of black criminality, acceptance, disrespect, and the presence of window tint. Furthermore, several significant effects emerged including a lowering of opinion on law enforcement, the detailing of a tension between citizens and police, and an analysis of respondent views on the quality of policing. The respondent beliefs about the importance of race and image symbols as well as neighborhood context as determinants of police attention also emerged. The results illustrate that there are several significant drawbacks to the practice of racially profiling young African American men.

The purpose of this paper was to explore customer racial profiling in retail stores in Sweden. To accomplish the exploration, unstructured interviews were used in the paper to contain knowledge of customers' experiences in the retail store................................................................................................ likely to experience customer racial profiling in stores as compared to female customers. / <p>This bachelor thesis was conducted during the spring semester of 2022 at Linnaeus University in Växjö by marketing students Adila Aadila, MuhammadTalha Qadri, and Shashank Shukla. While conducting this research the authors had the opportunity to implement some of the knowledge gained throughout the three years of studying the marketing program. This thesis would not have been accomplished without the help of our informative and competent professors. We would like to show our gratitude to MichaelaSandell- our supervisor who has always been easy to reach when we needed help and provided us with valuable feedback during the process. We would also like to thank Åsa Devine- our examiner for her constructive feedback during the seminars. Last but not least we would like to thank Dan Halvarsson for helping us with the method chapter and all the opponent groups for their input and feedback during the seminars. </p>

Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Sociology, Anthropology, and Social Work / Chardie Baird / Dana Britton / Racial profiling by the police on the nation’s streets and highways has attracted much attention over the past two decades from scholars, media figures, politicians and police administrators. Several highly publicized cases propelled the issue into national consciousness in the early and mid 1990s, bringing a new public awareness to an undoubtedly old problem. Despite the proliferation of research and political attention, many questions remain unanswered. Among the most common criticisms facing racial profiling research today is the literature's lack of theoretical development. Grounded in focal concerns theory and the concept of symbolic assailants, the present research draws upon both crime control and discriminatory frameworks of racial disparity in traffic stop outcomes. The findings suggest that, while police concerns of crime and safety diminish the effect of race/ethnicity and gender on stop outcomes, race and gender remain important predictors of police decisions. The implications are discussed.

Thesis (M.S.)--Rochester Institute of Technology, 2007. / Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 99-101).

Thesis (M.A.)--University of Notre Dame, 2004. / Thesis directed by Alexandra F. Corning for the Department of Psychology. "July 2004." Includes bibliographical references (leaves 40-44).

Thesis (Ed.D.)--Boston University / The focus of this study was to examine the controversial issue of racial profiling. This study examined the perceptions, attitudes, and behaviors of 112 police officers from four separate police departments. The study began with the premise that racial profiling was a widespread issue in law enforcement. It looked to identify attributes, similarities, and differences of contrasting police agencies that would explain why some groups engage in racial profiling and others do not. The research was also undertaken to determine what might mitigate racial profiling practices. This study examined the issue from three different positions. The first step was to determine whether police officers believed that racial profiling was problematic in their respective departments. The cohort overwhelmingly reported that they did not believe racial profiling was a serious problem. The second goal of the study was to determine if a department's organizational culture (attitudes, values, and behaviors) contributed to racial profiling attitudes and practices. This study found, through an examination of organizational commitment, that organizational culture did affect racial profiling practices. Police departments with more committed officers showed lower search disparity rates between minority and majority motorists. Finally, racial profiling attitudes and practices were examined controlling for training. Police departments where a majority of officers received racial profiling training showed lower search rate disparities between majority and minority motorists. They also showed higher levels of commitment to the organization. A statistical analysis found that training and Organizational Commitment were shown to have a statistically significant effect on racial profiling practices. Attitudes, however, appeared to be unaffected. Quantity of training appeared to be the critical factor; quality of training was not examined as a part of this research. Police departments that committed to department-wide training showed lower search rate disparities between minority and majority motorists. Further research is needed to identify the connection between training, organizational culture, and officers' individualized behavior.

The unequal treatment of racial minorities by police is by no means a new concept. The debate over racial profiling centers on two questions. Does racial profiling actually occur? If so, is racial profiling being used and is profiling a legitimate tool of law enforcement? There are those who debate whether race is or is not a factor in police discretion and there are those who argue that race is a factor that is appropriate for use in profiling. The purpose of this research is to determine whether race is a significant factor in the likelihood of being involved in a traffic stop. In addition to race, other variables, such as gender and age, are explored as possible control variables. This is done by analyzing data collected by the Bureau of Justice Statistics' "Contact between Police and the Public" national survey. By examining several dependent variables that also may be associated with traffic stops, this study determines whether there is or is not a disparity in treatment by race, and whether this is consistent with the alleged purposes of using race in criminal profiles. / Master of Science

Research submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Master of Philosophy by coursework and Research in the facultiy of humanities / In the literature, the subject of racism has been approached by and large in a particular kind of way. In this paper, I aim to critically engage with standard racism discourse by doing two things. Firstly, I will be showing that the way racism is generally discussed is problematic both for the reasons that (a) its scope is limiting and (b) the way that the concept is used leaves out certain things that are important for what count or ought to count as racism. Secondly, I will be arguing that racism in its most basic form is the undervaluing, the devaluing, and not at all valuing someone else on account of their racial or racialized group. / MT 2020

The primary goal of this study was to analyze existing racial profiling data collected and reported by law enforcement agencies in Texas. The internet-based data used was obtained through TCOLE, as it is the state mandated repository in which all law enforcement agencies must submit their annual racial profiling reports to. In analyzing a collection requirement of these reports, this study sought to determine how frequently law enforcement officers know the race or ethnicity of drivers prior to traffic stops. Furthermore, the study sought to determine if there are differences in the rates of race or ethnicity known prior to stops across Texas geographical regions, county population sizes, agency types, as well as between counties with and without interstate thoroughfares. This analysis consisted of 3,250,984 traffic stops conducted by 1,186 law enforcement agencies in 2014. Findings revealed that law enforcement officers rarely know the race or ethnicity of drivers prior to traffic stops, as was consistently found across all measures. Findings and implications are discussed.